Subsidy in the Newspaper Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Subsidy in the Newspaper Industry - Essay Example This very reason, a discussion and analysis of the way in which subsidies can and should be engaged is required so that the ultimate utility to follow society can be found. For purposes of this brief analysis, the author will focus upon necessity and/or exemptions from tax revenue with regards to print journalism. As a function of such a method of research, the possible benefits, it is, and drawbacks will be discussed as well as an analysis and discussion into these stakeholders with this particular debate and the means by which such a method of differs from many of the other approaches that have thus far been discussed within the course. The first and most obvious stakeholder with regards to this particular issue is the tax payer himself/herself. As the one who is most responsible for subsidizing the newsprint organization, this stakeholder is directly involved in any wealth redistribution that might take place in the form of a government subsidy. A secondary, and obvious, stakehold er is the newsprint organization itself. A third stakeholder can be determined as broader society as it would be the ones that would feel the positive secondary and tangential benefits and drawbacks of newsprint subsidization. Naturally, through such a group of stakeholders it must also be noted that the government itself can be considered a stakeholder as well.1 Through an examination of the utility and lack of utility that newsprint subsidization effects on each of these stakeholders, it it’s the hope of this author to paint a more broad and nuanced view of this very issue to the reader. Firstly, it must be understood that newsprint subsidization is ultimately a tool that the government can use to increase and retain a talent pool within a given economy. Ultimately, the reader does not need to go into a great level of research or detail to note the fact that newsprint organizations are rapidly losing market share to technology and the means through which news is succinctly and immediately represented via the Internet. However, even though technological change and the shift away from newsprint have a definitive advantage, it also comes at a definitive disadvantage for society. A litany of studies has noted the fact that individuals who consume the majority of their news from the Internet and/or TV outlets invariably spend much less of their time reading.2 Moreover, and integration with newsprint invariably increases the level of current affairs knowledge and effective communication skills that the individual who utilizes it represents. The core question with regards to this dynamic is whether or not subsidized nation of newsprint is in and of itself worth the expense. As the readership of newspapers in general has dropped precipitously over the past several years, the ultimate utility that can be gained by subsidizing newsprint must be weighed against the ultimate loss that would be incurred with regards to the subsidy/tax money that would be spent. An other important element of newspaper/newsprint subsidization is with regards to the historical preservation element. What is meant by this is the fact that many of the newspapers that currently exist throughout the developed world has been in existence for the better part of several centuries.3 Ultimately, some of the oldest newspapers in the world paid back to the very beginning of modern print journalism and/or the printing press. As a function of this, allowing newsprint to merely fold and shutter its doors would obviously have a negative impact with regards to the cultural and historical legacy that these could continue to promote. However, once again, the stakeholders in this issue must be weighed as compared to the

Police Officers Discretion Essay Example for Free

Police Officers Discretion Essay Discretion is defined to be an individual’s capabilities and freedom to make responsible preferences and judgments. People working in all fields require making decisions in every day life; however, some need to be more proficient at it. Police officers usually fine themselves in chaotic and critical situations, where their decision can change the entire scenario. The most appropriate decision within the legal boundaries must be made, varying from situation to situation. Discretion is broadly characterized as five different subjects – discretion by judgment (sense of bending rules in legally appropriate ways to fit the situation), discretion as choice (to show courage and give personal contribution to form decisions as the authority in that situation), discretion by discernment (to be diplomatic, tolerant, considerate and cautious and not very generous while making decisions), discretion as liberty (to not be restricted by the law and stretch boundaries of freedom as long as it is acceptable) and lastly discretion as license (basically the permission to act there and then in whichever way thought to be appropriate without the permission of the superiors). There are some police officers who abuse their right of discretion; they believe that they are unaccountable and since they are the authority at the point of chaos, they can do as they will. Having the right of discretion does not mean that an officer can make whatever decisions that they will; they are restricted by professional, society, legal and ethical norms (Sullivan, 1972). The officers these days have just the right capacity of discretion. The only major areas that they use discretion in are domestic violence, drunk driving, mental illness, hate crime, use of force and even vice crime. These are the areas where the personal opinion and judgment of the police officers matters while arresting or giving punishments. In the rest of the important and critical areas such as rape, murder, dacoits and robberies; they have to abide by the law whether they personally approve of it or not. Only easy and fields of everyday crime are left up to the intellect of these officers. Since, there are only some areas where officers are given the right to exercise discretion, it is easy to conclude that the officers are neither given too much or too less of power. Giving them the right to decide is rational because they have been selected as officers and have been given good enough training, which gives them the sense of making correct decisions. These officers make up the entire police force, thus, their opinion should also matter – however, to only some extent. The problems that these police officers face while enforcing laws and giving verdicts is that there are hardly any fields involved in the police forces that are uncontroversial; usually, everybody has a different stance on things. Also, there is a problem is public confidence – the public is too unpredictable to please (Walker, 1993). They desire accountability but nothing seems to satisfy them; also, they wish for strict enforcement in only those areas that they are not related to, that is, they want leverage for themselves but not others. This controversial and unpredictable attitude makes it difficult for the police offers to come up with the right solution that will make everybody happy. I have witnessed one such event myself where differing opinions lead to confusion. A mentally disabled boy of around seventeen became a source of disturbance to other boys playing cricket. One of them was violent and hit the mentally disabled boy out of frustration, who hit the boy back causing him to bleed. Surprisingly, a police car was passing from there at that instant and stopped to check the situation. Everybody demanded that the mentally disabled boy should be punished for his act as he often becomes a cause of nuisance in the neighborhood. The police officer was by nature sympathetic and was of the opinion that the mentally ill boy should be let go of as he is underprivileged and does not possess the ability of making sensible decisions. Here, in this chaotic situation, even when the public was against the officer’s decision, he used his power of discretion and made an appropriate decision according to his judgment instantly. This shows that the right of discretion is extremely important for an officer to deal with everyday situations. Although, if you look closely, it was not a situation where major or critical decisions need to be made; thus, the police officer without any doubts and fear abided by his opinion – this shows limitation of power of discretion to only some areas.

Analysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno -- Benito Cereno Essays

Analysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno It is possible to divide the critics into two camps regarding Herman Melville's purpose in writing "Benito Cereno." Joseph Schiffman, Joyce Adler, and Sidney Kaplan all argue that Melville wrote the story to make a comment on slavery. On the other hand, Sandra Zagarell and Allan Emery contend that Melville goes beyond slavery and is pointing out other flaws in mid Nineteenth century American notion. "Benito Cereno" tells the story of a slave revolt on a ship at sea. Schiffman, Adler, and Kaplan argue that Melville wrote the story as a comment on slavery. Schiffman and Adler contend that Melville's novella is a clear indictment of slavery. Kaplan takes the opposite view. Joseph Schiffman, in his critical essay "Critical Problems in Melville's 'Benito Cereno,'" argues that Melville wrote the story from a staunch abolitionist viewpoint. He points to other Melville works to prove his assertion that the color imagery of "Benito Cereno" is reversed from traditional Western thinking of "White is good, Black is evil." Schiffman points to evidence from other Melville works such as "Mardi" and "Moby-Dick." He also makes the important point that Delano does not speak for Melville in the story. However, Schiffman comments that instead, Delano is a "microcosm of American attitudes" (33). He leaves this thought quickly, however. Schiffman also focuses on the morality of slavery and proclaims Babo the "moral victor in 'Benito Cereno'" (34). In a move that none of the other authors make, Schiffman states that Melville "wanted primarily to write a 'good story,' one that would sell" (33). He goes on to note that the subject cannot be separated... ...G.K. Hall & Co., 1992. 76-93. Emery, Allan Moore."'Benito Cereno' and Manifest Destiny."In Critical Essays on Herman Melville's "Benito Cereno." Robert Burkholder, ed. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1992. 99-115. Kaplan, Sidney. "Herman Melville and the American National Sin: The Meaning of 'BenitoCereno.'" In Critical Essays on Herman Melville's "Benito Cereno." Robert Burkholder, ed. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1992. 37-47. Schiffman, Joseph. "Critical Problems in Melville's 'Benito Cereno.'"In Critical Essays on Herman Melville's "Benito Cereno." Robert Burkholder, ed. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1992. 29-36. Zagarell, Sandra. "Reenvisioning America: Melville's 'Benito Cereno.'"In Critical Essays onHerman Melville's "Benito Cereno." Robert Burkholder, ed. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1992. 127-144.

Punitive Articles of the Ucmj Article 89 Essay

â€Å"Any person subject to this chapter who behaves with disrespect toward his superior commissioned officer shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.† Context. (1) That the accused did or omitted certain acts or used certain language to or concerning a certain commissioned officer; (2) That such behavior or language was directed toward that officer; (3) That the officer toward whom the acts, omissions, or words were directed was the superior commissioned officer of the accused; (4) That the accused then knew that the commissioned officer toward whom the acts, omissions, or words were directed was the accused’s superior commissioned officer; and (5) That, under the circumstances, the behavior or language was disrespectful to that commissioned officer. Explanation. (1) Superior commissioned officer. (a) Accused and victim in same armed force. If the accused and the victim are in the same armed force, the victim is a â€Å"superior commissioned officer† of the accused when either superior in rank or command to the accused; however, the victim is not a â€Å"superior commissioned officer â€Å"of the accused if the victim is inferior in command, even though superior in rank. (b) Accused and victim in different armed forces. If the accused and the victim are in different armed forces, the victim is a â€Å"superior commissioned  officer† of the accused when the victim is a commissioned officer and superior in the chain of command over the accused or when the victim, not a medical officer or a chaplain, is senior in grade to the accused and both are detained by a hostile entity so that recourse to the normal chain of command is prevented. The victim is not a â€Å"superior commissioned officer† of the accused merely because the victim is superior in grade to the accused. (c) Execution of office. It is not necessary that the â€Å"superior commissioned officer† be in the execution of office at the time of the disrespectful behavior. (2) Knowledge. If the accused did not know that the person against whom the acts or words were directed was the accused’s superior commissioned officer, the accused may not be convicted of a violation of this article. Knowledge may be proved by circumstantial evidence. (3) Disrespect. Disrespectful behavior is that which detracts from the respect due the authority and person of a superior commissioned officer. It may consist of acts or language, however expressed, and it is immaterial whether they refer to the superior as an officer or as a private individual. Disrespect by words may be conveyed by abusive epithets or other contemptuous or denunciatory language. Truth is no defense. Disrespect by acts includes neglecting the customary salute, or showing a marked disdain, indifference, insolence, impertinence, undue familiarity, or other rudeness in the presence of the superior officer. (4) Presence. It is not essential that the disrespectful behavior be in the presence of the superior, but ordinarily one should not be held accountable under this article for what was said or done in a purely private conversation. (5) Special defense—unprotected victim. A superior commissioned officer whose conduct in relation to the accused under all the circumstances departs substantially from the required standards appropriate to that officer’s rank or position under similar circumstances loses the protection of this  article. That accused may not be convicted of being disrespectful to the officer who has so lost the entitlement to respect protected by Article 89. Nonjudicial Punishment (Article 15) Commander’s Tool for Discipline ART. 15. COMMANDING OFFICER’S NON-JUDICIAL PUNISHMENT (a) Under such regulations as the President may prescribe, and under such additional regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary concerned, limitations may be placed on the powers granted by this article with respect to the kind and amount of punishment authorized, the categories of commanding officers and warrant officers exercising command authorized to exercise those powers, the applicability of this article to an accused who demands trial by court-martial, and the kinds of courts-martial to which the case may be referred upon such a demand. However, except in the case of a member attached to or embarked in a vessel, punishment may not be imposed upon any member of the armed forces under this article if the member has, before the imposition of such punishment, demanded trial by court-martial in lieu of such punishment. Under similar regulations, rules may be prescribed with respect to the suspension of punishments authorized by regulations of the Secretary concerned, a commanding officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction or an officer of general or flag rank in command may delegate his powers under this article to a principal assistant. (b) Subject to subsection (a) any commanding officer may, in addition to or in lieu of admonition or reprimand, impose one or more of the following disciplinary punishments for minor offenses without the intervention of a court-martial— (1) Upon officers of his command— (A) Restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 30 consecutive days; (B) if imposed by an officer exercising general court-martial jurisdictions or an officer of general flag rank in command— (i) arrest in quarters for not more than 30 consecutive days; (ii) forfeiture of not more than one-half of one month’s pay per month for two months; (iii) restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 60 consecutive days; (iv) detention of not more than one-half of one month’s pay per month for  three months; (2) upon other personnel of his command— (A) if imposed upon a person attached to or embarked in a vessel, confinement on bread and water or diminished rations for not more than three consecutive days; (B) correctional custody for not more than seven consecutive days; (C) forfeiture of not more than seven days’ pay; (D) reduction to the next inferior pay grade, if the grade from which demoted is within the promotion authority of the officer imposing the reduction or any officer subordinate to the one who imposes the reduction; (E) extra duties, including fatigue or other duties, for not more than 14 consecutive days; (F) restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 14 consecutive days; (G) detention of not more than 14 days’ pay; (H) if imposed by an officer of the grade of major or lieutenant commander, or above— (i) the punishment authorized under clause (A); (ii) correctional custody for not more than 30 consecutive days; (iii) forfeiture of not more than one-half of one month’s pay per month for two months; (iv) reduction to the lowest or any intermediate pay grade, if the grade from which demoted is within the promotion authority of the officer imposing the reduction or any officer subordinate to the one who imposes the reduction, by an enlisted member in a pay grade above E-4 may not be reduced more than two pay grades; (v) extra duties, including fatigue or other duties, for not more than 45 consecutive days; (vi) restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 60 consecutive days; (vii) detention of not more than one-half of one month’s pay per month for three months. Detention of pay shall be for a stated period of not more than one year but if the offender’s term of service expires earlier, the detention shall terminate upon that expiration. No two or more of the punishments of arrest in quarters, confinement or bread and water or diminished rations, correctional custody, extra duties, and restriction may be combined to run consecutively in the maximum amount impossible for each. Whenever any of those punishments are combined to run consecutively, there must be an apportionment. In addition, forfeiture of  pay may not be combined with detention of pay without an apportionment. For the purpose of this subsection, â€Å"correctional custody† is the physical restraint of a person during duty or non-duty hours and may include extra duties, fatigue duties, or hard labor. If practicable, correctional custody will not be served in immediate association with persons awaiting trial or held in confinement pursuant to trial by court-martial . (c) An officer in charge may impose upon enlisted members assigned to the unit of which he is in charge such of the punishment authorized under subsection (b)(2)(A)-(G) as the Secretary concerned may specifically prescribe by regulation. (d) The officer who imposes the punishment authorized in subsection (b), or his successor in command, may, at any time, suspend probationally any part or amount of the unexecuted punishment imposed and may suspend probationally a reduction in grade or forfeiture imposed under subsection (b), whether or not executed. In addition, he may, at any time, remit or mitigate any part or amount of the unexecuted punishment imposed and may set aside in whole or in part the punishment, whether executed or unexecuted, and restore all rights, privileges and property affected. He may also mitigate reduction in grade to forfeiture or detention of pay. When mitigating— (1) arrest in quarters to restriction; (2) confinement on bread and water or diminished rations to correctional custody; (3) correctional custody confinement on bread and water or diminished rations to extra duties or restriction, or both; or (4) extra duties to restriction; the mitigated punishment shall not be for a greater period than the punishment mitigated. When mitigating forfeiture of pay to detention of pay, the amount of detention shall not be greater than the amount of the forfeiture. When mitigating reduction in grade to forfeiture or detention of pay, the amount of the forfeiture or detention shall not be greater than the amount that could have been imposed initially under this article by the officer who imposed the punishment mitigated. (e) A person punished under this article who considers his punishment unjust or disproportionate to the offense may, through proper channels, appeal to the next superior authority. The appeal shall be promptly forwarded and decided, but the person punished may in the meantime be required to undergo the punishment adjudged. The superior authority may exercise the same powers  with respect to punishment imposed as may be exercised under subsection (d) by the officer who imposed the punishment. Before acting on appeal from a punishment of— (1) arrest in quarters for more than seven days; (2) correctional custody for more than seven days; (3) forfeiture of more than seven days’ pay; (4) reduction of one or more pay grades from the fourth or a higher pay grade; (5) extra duties for more than 14 days; (6) restriction for more than 14 days; or (7) detention of more than 14 days’ pay; the authority who is to act on the appeal shall refer the case to a judge advocate or a lawyer of the Department of Transportation for consideration and advice, and may so refer the case upon appeal from any punishment imposed under subsection (b). (f) The imposition and enforcement of disciplinary punishment under this article for any act or omission is not a bar to trial by court-martial for a serious crime or offense growing out of the same act or omission, and not properly punishable under this article; but the fact that a disciplinary punishment has been enforced may be shown by the accuse upon trial, and when so shown shall be considered in determining the measure of punishment to be adjudged in the event of a finding of guilty. (g) The Secretary concerned may, by regulation, prescribe the form of records to be kept under this article and may also prescribe that certain categories of those proceedings shall be in writing. CUSTOMS 4-1. The Army has its own customs, both official and social. Some have been handed down from the distant past while others are of comparatively recent origin. Those customs that endure stand on their own merits. As a long established social organization, the Army observes a number of customs that add to the interest, pleasure, and graciousness of Army life. Often it is these customs and traditions, strange to the civilian eye but solemn to the soldier, that keep the man in the uniform going in the unexciting times of peace. In war they keep him fighting at the front. The fiery regimental spirit fondly polished over decades and centuries possesses him in the face of the enemy. [The soldier] fights for the regiment, his  battalion, his company, his platoon, his section, his comrade. 4-2. A custom is an established practice. Customs include positive actions-things you do, and taboos-things you avoid. All established arts, trades, and professions, all races of people, all nations, and even different sections of the same nation have their own practices and customs by which they govern a part of their lives. 4-3. Many Army customs compliment procedures required by military courtesy, while others add to the graciousness of garrison life. The breach of some Army customs merely brands the offender as ignorant, careless, or ill bred. Violations of other Army customs, however, will bring official censure or disciplinary action. The customs of the Army are its common law. These are a few: * Never criticize the Army or a leader in public. * Never go â€Å"over the heads† of superiors-don’t jump the chain of command. * Never offer excuses. * Never â€Å"wear† a superior’s rank by saying something like, â€Å"the first sergeant wants this done now,† when in fact the first sergeant said no such thing. Speak with your own voice. * Never turn and walk away to avoid giving the hand salute. * Never run indoors or pretend you don’t hear (while driving, for example) to avoid standing reveille or retreat. * Never appear in uniform while under the influence of alcohol. * If you don’t know the answer to a superior’s question, you will never go wrong with the response, â€Å"I don’t know sir, but I’ll find out.† COURTESIES 4-4. Courtesy among members of the Armed Forces is vital to maintain discipline. Military courtesy means good manners and politeness in dealing with other people. Courteous behavior provides a basis for developing good human relations. The distinction between civilian and military courtesy is that military courtesy was developed in a military atmosphere and has become an integral part of serving in uniform. 4-5. most forms of military courtesy have some counterpart in civilian life. For example, we train soldiers to say sir or ma’am when talking to a higher ranking officer. Young men and women are sometimes taught to say sir to their fathers or ma’am to their mothers and likewise to other elders. It is often considered good manners for a younger person to say sir or ma’am when speaking to an older person. The use of the word sir is also common in the business world, such as in the salutation of a letter or in any well-ordered institution. 4-6. Military courtesy is not a one-way street. Enlisted personnel are expected to be courteous to officers and likewise officers are expected to return the courtesy. Mutual respect is a vital part of military courtesy. In the final analysis, military courtesy is the respect shown to each other by members of the same profession. Some of the Army’s more common courtesies include rendering the hand salute, standing at attention or parade rest, or even addressing others by their rank.

How Human Influence Heredity In Mice Essay

Selective breeding is the process of breeding plants and animals for particular traits. Typically, strains that are selectively bred are domesticated, and the breeding is sometimes done by a professional breeder. Breaded animals are known as breeds, while breaded plants are known as varieties, cultigens, or cultivars. The cross of animal’s results in what is called a cross breed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids. A genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically engineered organism (GEO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one molecule to create a new set of genes. This DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it modified or novel genes. The difference between selective breeding and genetically modified organisms is with selective breeding the animals are bred for certain re asons for their fur or eye color also they do it naturally with a professional breeder. But when you have genetically modified organisms they use technology to breed the animals or plants. From the reports I researched I have found out that mice originated in India and Southeast Asia. Many theories explain that Mice appeared on the earth 65 million years ago when dinosaurs still existed. The common ancestor to mice and humans was an inconspicuous rodent-like mammal that scurried along the surface of the earth. It had to be inconspicuous because the earth was ruled by enormous dinosaurs, many of whom would have eaten any small mammal that could be caught. It has been predicted that the existence of mice resulted in the formation of a thick cloud of dust that, lead to a scenario like a nuclear winter with the disappearance of all green life, and with that, all large animals that depended either directly on plants for survival or indirectly on the animals that ate the plants would die. At least a small number of our rodent-like ancestors were able to survive these long sunless winter‘s because of their small size which allowed them to get by eating seeds alone. When the sun finally returned, the seeds scattered on the ground sprung to life and the world became an extremely fertile place. In the absence of competition from the dinosaurs, the mice were able to become the dominant large animal group, and they created numerous species. Since there are such a wide variety of mice they use them for all sorts of things. Mice are sometimes breaded as laboratory mice so that they can be used for experiments. They use mice and not dogs to test out medicine for humans because like I stated earlier the similarities of mice and humans are so close that when you test the medicine on the mouse you know that if you tested the medicine on a human that they would have the same reaction. That’s why 65 million years ago the genes from a mouse mixed with genes from a human and created a rodent like mammal to roam the earth. Outdoor mice provide an essential food source for owls, hawks and other predatory birds and animals. They may also be important consumers of weeds and insects. Indoor mice are not beneficial indoors, but if there are cockroaches or other insects in infected buildings, mice are probably eating them. Eliminating mice may result in a rise in the building’s visible population of insect pests.The only disadvantages of mice are that the indoor mice are usually intruders to a family’s garage or dark closet. This results in the poisoning or planning of mice traps that will kill the mice instantly. Some environmental concerns of selective breeding mice are the breeding could cause genetic problems which would make it easier for mice to get sick. With every type of selective breeding (which consists of linebreeding, outcrossing, and inbreeding) there are always safety concerns. If you breed them wrong the mother or the baby could die or get a genetic disease which could stop them from hearing, seeing, or walking. Selective breeding appears to violate mice’s rights, because selective breeding involves manipulating mice for human’s ends as if the animals were nothing more than human property, rather than treating the animals as being value in themselves. Mice are worth more than a failed laboratory experiment in a dark dungeon they are magnificent creatures that deserve sunlight, food, water, shelter, and most importantly love.

A Guide to Alto, the Spanish Word for Stop

A Guide to 'Alto', the Spanish Word for Stop All over the English-speaking countries of the world, people may drive on different sides of the road, but an international constant is an octagonal red STOP sign is used to let drivers know they need to stop. The same cannot be said for Spanish-speaking countries. In Spanish-speaking countries, the red octagonal shape is used to mean stop, however, the word used in the sign changes depending on the Spanish-speaking country you are in. In some places the red octagon says Alto, or in other places, the red octagon says, Pare.   Both signs signify for a driver to stop. But, the word alto does not traditionally mean stop in Spanish. Parer is the Spanish verb meaning to stop. In Spanish, the word alto commonly serves as a descriptive word meaning high or loud. As in, the book is up high on a shelf, or the boy shouted loudly. Where did alto come from? How did this word end up on Spanish stop signs? Alto Defined Most native Spanish speakers do not know why alto means stop. It requires some digging into the historical usage of the word and its etymology. For those with a knowledge of German, a similarity could be drawn between the word alto and the German word  Halt. The word Halt in German has the same meaning as the word halt in English. According to the Spanish Royal Academys dictionary, the second reference to  alto with stop as its  meaning is commonly found on road signs  in Central America, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, and it  comes from the German halt.  The German verb halten  means to stop. The dictionary provides a basic etymology of most words, but it does not go into extensive detail or give a date of first use. According to another Spanish etymology dictionary, the  Diccionario Etimolà ³gico, urban legend traces the Spanish usage of the word  alto with the meaning of stop back to the 15th century during the Italian Wars. The sergeant raised his pike high as a signal to stop the column of soldiers from marching. In this reference, the Italian word for high is alto.   More credence is given to the Spanish Royal Academy dictionarys meaning, suggesting that alto is a direct borrowing from the German halt. The Italian story sounds more like a folk tale, but the explanation is plausible. The Online Etymology Dictionary suggests that the English word halt comes from the 1590s from the French halte or Italian alto, ultimately from the German halt, possibly as a German military term that made its way into the Romance languages. Which Countries Use Which Sign Most Spanish-speaking Caribbean and South American countries use pare. Mexico and most Central American countries use alto. Spain and Portugal also use  pare. Also, in Portuguese, the word for stop is pare.

Find Out Which SAT Score Is Preferable at Target College

Find Out Which SAT Score Is Preferable at Target College By the time you’re reading this article, you may have already taken  your SAT and received your scores. The question is how to interpret your results properly now. Perhaps, you want to know what each score means for your further participation. Finally, each participant wants to know how much score is enough to pass. First of all, we’ll reply to this question briefly. Next, we’re going to interpret each result separately. Use this article as a step by step guide to explain how successful you are in taking your tests. As far as SAT results predetermine your further academic future, there are more reasons to care about them. Do you really want to study in a college or university? Then, your SAT grade really matters, and you should get ready to face this sort of test carefully. You may even postpone your regular high school math test in order to look through possible SAT questions. Please note that the interpretations of SAT outcomes are taken with respect to the country level. Reading and writing are not the only two skills you’ll need to pass your test successfully. Still, to get prepared better, students may use online help from competitive writing agencies. Anyway, SAT is the sort of exam that requires a deep knowledge of specific subjects based on everything you’ve studied at school long with everything you might have learned on your own. But basically, all of the questions were at least one time covered during your school life. Thus, every student has equal chances to gain high SAT outcome. It’s just important to find out which result is necessary for particular college or school. Before you take SAT, it’s crucial to know many nuances such as the passing score for your target college and current year’s requirements. Right, they might change from year to year for various institutions. The latest generally accepted SAT score was 1600. Out of this, 1000 is considered an  average score. You may treat SAT as some kind of admissions where your English, writing, and reading skills are awarded the certain grade. The best achievement for the old SAT was 2400, so 1500 was an average number on the range. In any case, students need to provide as many correct answers as possible. By the way, if you wonder about the officially registered SAT scores for the last decade, you should know that approximately 50% of all students ended up better than the given threshold of 1000-1500. Unfortunately, the other half failed. The good thing is that now you can take any test, including SAT, online. The student will receive its tests results on his e-mail address respectively. For instance, if there are some international students who wish to study English in its native countries, online SAT is just the right choice for them. It is also the best way to check English proficiency and the knowledge of some subjects in particular (e.g., math). According to current data, 25% of all SAT participants made it through to roughly 1200+. Thus, we can say that the outcome of above 1200 is considered high enough. Still, check the report of your target college or university to learn how much local students usually gain not to fall behind. Many students who fail to pass with 840-1000, so if you fall into that range, it might be harder for you to pass the admissions. At last, it is important to know that the majority of colleges will  approve scores from both SATs for the Class of 2017. New SAT Requirements Challenges Now, let’s get to the things students might not enjoy. The test can be still taken for free, but there are many new confusing nuances and criteria. Even though the total score was made lower, the overall SAT system has become more complicated. You will have to deal with cross-test, science, and sub-scores. Recent concordance tables  are even worse. The list of the most frequently asked SAT-related questions and answers to them is provided further in the text. Once again, let’s repeat what different results mean with the help of convenient table: New SAT (of 1600) Old SAT (of 2400) Perfect (top 25%) 1200 1800 Good (average) 1000 1500 Poor (worst 25%) 840 1260 We would like to remind you that you have to find out what is acceptable for your specific college even though SAT is the national test which should obey the same standards everywhere. Also, it might be different with online tests. The lowest score on the range which every student can obtain is 400, but it does not mean this is a passing threshold. It’s a failure, in fact! You might wonder whether the national average is treated on the same level by every admissions board. What if the whole American population is not actually the right ground for discovering what a good SAT grade means? Not every applicant is an international student or young celebrity with higher privileges. Based on your individual competence and skills, try to find out which SAT grade is the best you can gain. Forget about the scale – there are six steps you have to take to define your personal SAT score. Define Your Individual SAT Number Step 1: You Need This Worksheet Before we move to the next stages, please download and start reading the following worksheet. It takes less time to download it instead of writing it from zero.   Step 2: Determine Colleges You Want to Apply Write down the names of schools and colleges you’re interested in. Provide short analysis of each based on the objective report and your own expectations. Skip writing down  safety schools (we mean those that you're 90% sure you'll get enrolled). Follow the advice of your friends if you have not chosen any college yet. You need these data on hands to learn which SAT score is the best you might gain.   Step 3: Type in "[Name of School] Prep scholar  SAT" To find the demanded SAT score, discover a proper web page with the help of all-time favorite search engine like Google. If you have a pure interest in the University of Los Angeles, enter â€Å"The University of Los Angeles Preschoolar SAT: Desirable Score† or something like that. The majority of colleges or schools will show a PrepScholar.com link. Double check your numbers with the help of one popular method: "[name of school] average sat score." Let’s talk a bit about percentiles as the part of SAT score. The twenty-fifth percentile means that 25% of all students who took the exam received a score at or below that number. Mind that in case you are at the 25th percentile, you'll have to prove that you are the right candidate in another effective way like admissions essay or cover letter.   Step 4: Meet New SAT Score Out of 1600 It is important to convert all old scores with respect to the latest rules of SAT. To do so quickly, we recommend using online converter tool, which was designed based on concordance tables from the College Board. Step 5: Find Out Your Final SAT Score Decide on which score is perfect on individual level. Compare the average of all columns meaning the twenty-fifth percentile along with 75th percentile. It is best to aim higher to the 75th percentile score as this particular SAT index gives more chances of getting accepted to all colleges and schools you’ve mentioned. Your life goal is different from your peers. Thus your course name also will be different. That is why it is important to define your personal number instead of asking your friends to share their target scores with you. The hack is that you should divide your purpose SAT score by two. Whenever you decide to apply to engineering college or university, mind that your Math score has to be 50 points higher than the rest. Thus, it is crucial to know your main subject and further course list. Your English has to be excellent in all cases. Step 6: State Your Goal So far, your writing is over. It’s time to analyze your prepared table and school analysis carefully and compare the target SAT scores. There are still 2 things left to accomplish: Talk to your parents to get some useful piece of advice regarding the selected colleges. Tape it to your wall.  Visualize your target SAT score and college every day to make your dream more real. If you are taking your SAT online or wish to get ready better, it is just the right time to order some internet assistance delivered by online writing services.

Using a and an Before Words

Using a and an Before Words Using a and an Before Words Using a and an Before Words By Daniel Scocco Raphael asks: When should I use â€Å"a† and when should I use â€Å"an† before the different words? For example, should I say â€Å"a hour† or â€Å"an hour?† I stumble over this everytime and dontt know if Im getting it right, as Im not speaking and writing English natively. The Rule The rule states that â€Å"a† should be used before words that begin with consonants (e.g., b, c ,d) while â€Å"an† should be used before words that begin with vowels (e.g., a,e,i). Notice, however, that the usage is determined by the pronunciation and not by the spelling, as many people wrongly assume. You should say, therefore, â€Å"an hour† (because hour begins with a vowel sound) and â€Å"a history† (because history begins with a consonant sound). Similarly you should say â€Å"a union† even if union begins with a â€Å"u.† That is because the pronunciation begins with â€Å"yu†, which is a consonant sound. Abbreviations Deciding which version you should use with abbreviations is the tricky part. First of all you need to understand if the abbreviation is pronounced as a single word or letter by letter. While we say â€Å"a light-water reactor,† the abbreviation is â€Å"an LWR.† Similarly, you should use â€Å"an NBC reporter† (because â€Å"NBC† is pronounced â€Å"enbisi†) and â€Å"a NATO authority† (because â€Å"NATO† begins with a â€Å"ne† sound). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingStory Writing 101The Two Sounds of G

Finding and Evaluating Business Opportunities Case Study

Finding and Evaluating Business Opportunities - Case Study Example Thus, in 1993, both Tim and Brad Larson had the advantages of experience in managing businesses, making investments and securing bank loans using the seller’s assets as collateral. However, as the case study suggests, all their potential target companies are small in size (valued at less than $5-$6 million each). Besides, each candidate business was involved in a specific business segment and was affected by either limited or unseasonal sales. Thus, the Larsons are expected to flourish the most through the focus niche strategy. This strategy is the most applicable as all target firms currently do not enjoy a wide scope in terms of cost leadership or differentiation. By adopting a focus strategy, the Larsons can focus their experience and limited resources on a defined business or market segment. Besides, the focus strategy works best for smaller companies and can be implemented with a focus on either differentiation or cost. Most suitable company for purchase The profile of ea ch of the four companies shall be evaluated to identify the most suitable company for purchase (all discussions are with respect to the year 1993). Landscape Products manufactures a number of products and is operating at full capacity. While the labour costs are cheap, the demand is rather seasonal in nature. The company had been in operation for over 12 years and was managed by experienced owners. However, the company depended on supplies from certain lumber mills and there is no reason given for the unusual closure of some of these mills, which had a direct impact on the production output at Landscape. Hence, there is some uncertainty over when production levels would pick up and whether Landscape would be in a position to reduce its dependence on these mills and seek alternatives. Fairway Outfitters has a huge client list and shows a strong potential for growth in the future. Information from customers also indicated that they are satisfied with the services provided by Fairway. However, the small size of its workforce when compared to its long client list indicates that a strong reason for the company’s growth could be the experience and skill of its founder, who is now interested in managing some private golf courses. The fact that the founder does not have confidence in handing over the management to one of his staff members adds to this doubt. Richmond’s Snacks has performed considerably well within the snacks industry over a long period. These figures were achieved even though the company’s market was limited to the mid west. The company is however affected by a high level of seasonal sales. While there is a huge potential for growth (expansion into new regions, improving production capacity etc) at low investments, the company was being sold due to a struggle between the owner and his sons. It may therefore be advisable to evaluate any litigation that may exist before considering this company for purchase. Although Teletechâ€℠¢s product and operational procedure sound simple and interesting, it is a concept currently in development. The product is yet to be introduced into the market and there is no information or certainty if the product will succeed in evoking any interest among consumers. In fact, the company is in the process of testing the product and the actual product is to be introduced only after 8 months. Besides, the owner of Teletech was asking a steep price although the components involved in producing the product and related components are not very expensive. Based on the above considerations, Richmond’s Snacks is recommended for purchase among the four candidate firms as it produces a

Christianity as Mediated by America's Entertainment Culture & Justin Essay

Christianity as Mediated by America's Entertainment Culture & Justin Bieber - Essay Example Consequently, it is why celebrities are marketed and angled to entice a larger devotion, exploring more possible target consumers. A prime example of this scenario is Justin Bieber and how he projects his image as a devote Christian. He even inked a portrait of Jesus on his calf. In an article entitled â€Å"Are young, religious stars like Justin Bieber and Tim Tebow making Christianity cool?† (Foxnews.com, January 10, 2012), Jo Pizza also mentioned other stars such as Demi Lovatto and NFL player Tim Tebow credit and praise their religion for their success in . Whether it is a packaging and publicity stunt to showcase Bieber as a devoted Christian in order to further his career, it is important to scrutinize the effects that in entails to society, to popular culture and its followings, and also the impact towards the Christian religion or simply just to religion. It is also critical to note that while Bieber’s influence does not generally include the adult population, h e rather has a strong hold of fan base on the youth who calls themselves as â€Å"Beliebers†, wherein the influence and impression is more potent and lasting to society, notwithstanding the support that it garners from the religious sector. Thus, there is also a need to explore the link between how pop culture transcends from an idolizing and cult-like following into a significant religious influence. To understand better the American society and how religion is practiced, the media and its proponents must also be discussed. It is also important to delve and examine how religion evolved in the United States and outline how the secular theory has adopted through time through the aid of mass media and technology. Understanding how religion is now availed by the community through means of cable televisions and especially the internet will give better grasps as to how pop culture has found a way and rooted itself through the religious diversities of America. Celebrities are Sales men and Religion is a Product When someone is propelled into the spotlight, directly or indirectly, they sell something. Whether it is in the form of movies, appearances, albums, advertisements, and the like, celebrities are vessels to sell something. In fact, in today’s culture, the celebrities are even the product themselves.1 Compared to the previous decades, the consumers demand to know everything about their lives. Noteworthy is the emerging unprecedented growth of paparazzi and gossip chasers who literally stalk celebrities in chase of the latest piece of conversation or controversy that can be made. In this age of technology and media, the interesting is defined by what is visible. Following on that premise; the invisible is uninteresting, thus unpopular, and ultimately unsellable. Therefore, celebrities must constantly reinvent and find ways to be more and more noticeable to the public eye in order to be successful salesmen of their products. Religion is no different than any commodity. It is also a product that is like any other where it needs to be marketed and sold to the consumer.2 After all, one needs to be convinced of a product before one purchases it or (in this case) adheres to it. It is worth highlighting that in this modern age, forms of religion are being marketed and advertised through the media. Evidence of these are the television channels

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Art - Essay Example Probably the latter forms are either harvesting or tilling machines mainly utilized to prepare the land. This is evident from the black and curved objects protruding close to the busy man who appears to operate a machine, hence forming the artwork’s focal point. In this artwork, Clyfford extensively utilizes red, yellow, black, grey and white colors besides their varied shades. Diverse color shades characterize the forefront space and the sky. Mostly, these shades help the audience to unveil the time of the day and season, which the artist features in his work. The forefront mixtures of both white and grey or bluish shades form snow like objects, which characterize the artist’s early childhood region. In addition, the long protruding object from the left corner to the right casts a shadow beneath it whereby according to its inclination proves the time was in the afternoon. In his effort to depict diverse objects comprising this artwork, Clyfford skillfully utilizes both the color and â€Å"ripping off† method. The latter is evident in the forefront objects whereby the artist employs several color layers before using a chisel-like tool to make white patches that resemble snow. The use of this technique is also evident on the protruding and extending object’s side at the background. However, the artist on the background object preferred utilizing grey color instead of white or other varied shades similar the forefront objects. This is to show a demarcation between the snow and the vertical wall linking other structures, which the man seem to cling on while undertaking his activities. In this artwork, illumination emanates from the left side as indicated by the way the long and protruding object in the background casts shadow in the opposite direction. Besides, the forefront forms and red clouds above the background confirm that the light’s source is in the left side. Illumination besides helping the audience to unveil what could be

Legal systems and skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal systems and skills - Essay Example The House of Lords (HL) believed that the Act’s purpose was meant to protect human embryos made externally, rather than the manner in which the embryo formed. They ruled that parliament did not intend any distinguishing between CNR and fertilization created embryos, especially since CNR at the time was thought impossible. The HL decided that parliament did not mean to leave CNR formed embryos unregulated; therefore, the Act applied. For this reason, the Court opined that CNR was legal. Summarize the facts and legal arguments in this case Bruno Quintavalle undertook litigation on behalf of a claimant, Pro-life Alliance, in order to seek a declaration that CNR created human embryos were not created via fertilization. He claimed that embryos from CNR were not within an embryo’s definition for the Act’s purpose. The Secretary of State, as the defendant, argued that Section 1(1) of the HFE Act should be purposively interpreted so that the fundamental subject the Act r eferred to was a live human embryo, rather than the manner in which the embryo was created1. The sub-section, in this case, would be read with the words, defining the embryo was a live human embryo where fertilization has been completed, in the event that the embryo was produced by fertilization2. Parliament’s clear intention, thus, was the control of human reproduction through licensing or prohibition using the HFE Act. Crane J., despite acknowledging that purposive interpretation was a powerful argument, he held that this interpretation would allow an impermissible extension and re-writing of the definition3. Crane J.’s decision, however, was appealed successfully by the Secretary of State for Health with Lord Phillips MR, who gave the Court of Appeal’s main judgment, contended that parliament’s legislation was mostly related to how embryos were treated. Therefore, although the legislation expressly contemplated embryos as being created through fertiliz ation, the question, fundamentally, was whether the CRN produced embryos did fall into a similar category or genus as fertilization-produced embryos. Considering that both embryo types were fundamentally identical in their ability to develop into adults of their relevant species, the two types of embryos were clearly held as being in the same genus4. As far as legislative policy was concerned, Lord Phillips held that the intention of parliament was in order to control the use and creation of human cells; therefore, it was essential that those embryos created through CNR should be considered as part of the regulatory scheme that the Act created. In addition, the Master of the Rolls contended that no countervailing considerations existed that could militate against a purposive approach to the case. Even though, some of the provisions in the legislation were not applicable to CNR created embryos, it did not remove the importance of enhancing effect of parliament’s intention. The se inconsistencies were not as serious because, in various cases, they are remediable by HFE Act regulations, and in some different cases, they do not have much practical significance that those embryos produced through CNR should undergo exclusion from the HFE Act. After the Appeals Court, denied authorization of appealing against this judgment, the petitioners were still able to petition the HL successfully5. However, following Pro-life

Karla Homolka English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Karla Homolka English - Research Paper Example With both of them participating in the murders, the role of Karla Homolka in the crimes was figured out vaguely, as there were differences of opinion regarding her contribution to those murders. This paper will chronicle her life starting from her early years, her marriage to Paul Benardo, rape and murder of the girls, finishing with the investigation, conviction and her eventual release. Early life Karla Homolka was born to Dorothy and Karel Homolka in 1970 as the eldest of three daughters in the Canadian town of Port Credit, Ontario. She went to Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School and even while going to the school, Karla worked as a part-time employee at a local pet shop. She graduated in the year 1988, and got employment as a veterinary assistant in Thorold Veterinary Clinic in Ontario. She did a similar job at the Mardinale Animal Clinic as well. â€Å"Karla developed a passion for animals and after high school she went to work at a veterinary clinic† (Montaldo). Thus, when one focuses on Karla’s early life, it appears that she lived a normal life, without exhibiting any negative or even psychotic tendencies. However, it all started to change when he married Paul Bernado. Marriage to Paul Bernado Karla as part of her job attended a pet convention in Toronto in the spring of 1987. During that visit, Karla, just 17 at that time, met 23-year-old Paul Bernardo in a â€Å"suburban hotel restaurant outside of Toronto and she fell for Paul, immediately.† (biography.com). They had sex on their first meeting and as their relationship started to develop, they â€Å"discovered that they shared the same sado-masochistic desires,† (Montaldo). Because of this ‘extremity’ in their relationship, Paul assumed the role of a ‘master’, with Karla willingly assuming the role of a ‘slave’, who has no problems in fulfilling her husband’s extreme fantasies. One of these extreme ‘fantasies’ o nly leads to their first murder - the murder of Karla’s own younger sister, Tammy Homolka. Rape and the murders Three years into their relationship, Paul starts to become obsessed with Tammy and to abuse her, he gets Karla’s help. One of Paul's constant complaints with Karla was that she was not a ‘virgin’ when they met and so she becomes ‘devoted’ to pleasing Paul in every way possible. (Montaldo). Using this weakness of Karla, Paul openly expressed his feelings for Tammy, and also convinces Karla to aid him in raping her. â€Å"It was, therefore, from his point of view, her responsibility to make it possible for Paul to take the virginity of†¦Tammy without her knowledge or consent.† (Bardsley). Karla wrongly accepts this flawed logic, and decides to make or force Tammy into being a sort of ‘surrogate virgin’ for her. In their first attempt in July 1990, Karla serves Tammy, a spaghetti dinner mixed with heavy doses of Valium, which was stolen from her workplace. â€Å"Bernardo rapes Tammy for about a minute before she starts to wake up† and so they temporarily abandon their plan then, waiting for another opportunity. ("Key events in the Bernardo/Homolka case"). Then, six months before their marriage, at a Christmas party at Karla parent’s house, Karla first mixes sedative Halcyon in the alcoholic drinks of Tammy. After the party was over and family members retired, the husband and wife duo took Tammy to the basement, with Karla holding a cloth soaked with Halothane over Tammy's mouth. (Becker, 2005). There, Paul with Karla

IKEA Inc. United Kingdom (UK) operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IKEA Inc. United Kingdom (UK) operation - Essay Example IKEA was founded in Sweden in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. The company’s name represents the initials of its founding father. Since the begging Mr. Kamprad had the vision of creating furniture products of good quality in which he applied low cost solutions to lower the prices. IKEA has grown tremendously over the years to become a global enterprise. Currently the company has 220 stores in 33 countries. In the United Kingdom the company has 15 stores. The product offering consist of over 11,000 articles. The great variety, innovative designs, and low prices are some of the reasons customers keep coming back to IKEA for their furniture needs. Exhibit A shows a graph of IKEA worldwide sales. In 2005 IKEA sales were 14.8 billion euros. IKEA utilizes low cost, green furniture and e-retailing strategies to grow its business. The United Kingdom is a country with a strong economy that the company has targeted as a location to expand its business. Designing products to meet the needs of the customers and constant market research will allow the company to expand its global empire. Political and Economic Forces The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one the world’s most powerful nations. It is a member of the Group of Eight (G8), whose inclusion means the country is one of the top eight industrialized countries in the world. ... Managerial Implications IKEA is a company with a proven long-term strategy. The company’s great product variety, low prices and logistics has helped them become a global player in the furniture business. They have focused in the European market, which generates 81% of their corporate revenues. A glaring weakness is the fact the company has not entered the South American market. In South America there are many developing economies such as Brazil and Chile should be targeted in future expansion plans. The US market is another region which has a lot of potential for growth. Currently only 11% of their sales are generated in the United States. The company should study what has worked in their US stores and apply that knowledge to increase their market share. Multiply viability studies must be underway to scout new locations for establishments in this region. IKEA has utilized catalogs and the internet as marketing tools to generate sales. The United Kingdom is a great place to test new technologies and realize market research. The business e-commerce strategy would be enhanced if the company developed or acquire a technology to identify the entry of new users into the internet. The company’s corporate website utilizes a lot flash technology and animations which require users to have a high-speed internet connection. Refinements and web site optimization techniques could help the company increase its online traffic.

Karla Homolka English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Karla Homolka English - Research Paper Example With both of them participating in the murders, the role of Karla Homolka in the crimes was figured out vaguely, as there were differences of opinion regarding her contribution to those murders. This paper will chronicle her life starting from her early years, her marriage to Paul Benardo, rape and murder of the girls, finishing with the investigation, conviction and her eventual release. Early life Karla Homolka was born to Dorothy and Karel Homolka in 1970 as the eldest of three daughters in the Canadian town of Port Credit, Ontario. She went to Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School and even while going to the school, Karla worked as a part-time employee at a local pet shop. She graduated in the year 1988, and got employment as a veterinary assistant in Thorold Veterinary Clinic in Ontario. She did a similar job at the Mardinale Animal Clinic as well. â€Å"Karla developed a passion for animals and after high school she went to work at a veterinary clinic† (Montaldo). Thus, when one focuses on Karla’s early life, it appears that she lived a normal life, without exhibiting any negative or even psychotic tendencies. However, it all started to change when he married Paul Bernado. Marriage to Paul Bernado Karla as part of her job attended a pet convention in Toronto in the spring of 1987. During that visit, Karla, just 17 at that time, met 23-year-old Paul Bernardo in a â€Å"suburban hotel restaurant outside of Toronto and she fell for Paul, immediately.† (biography.com). They had sex on their first meeting and as their relationship started to develop, they â€Å"discovered that they shared the same sado-masochistic desires,† (Montaldo). Because of this ‘extremity’ in their relationship, Paul assumed the role of a ‘master’, with Karla willingly assuming the role of a ‘slave’, who has no problems in fulfilling her husband’s extreme fantasies. One of these extreme ‘fantasies’ o nly leads to their first murder - the murder of Karla’s own younger sister, Tammy Homolka. Rape and the murders Three years into their relationship, Paul starts to become obsessed with Tammy and to abuse her, he gets Karla’s help. One of Paul's constant complaints with Karla was that she was not a ‘virgin’ when they met and so she becomes ‘devoted’ to pleasing Paul in every way possible. (Montaldo). Using this weakness of Karla, Paul openly expressed his feelings for Tammy, and also convinces Karla to aid him in raping her. â€Å"It was, therefore, from his point of view, her responsibility to make it possible for Paul to take the virginity of†¦Tammy without her knowledge or consent.† (Bardsley). Karla wrongly accepts this flawed logic, and decides to make or force Tammy into being a sort of ‘surrogate virgin’ for her. In their first attempt in July 1990, Karla serves Tammy, a spaghetti dinner mixed with heavy doses of Valium, which was stolen from her workplace. â€Å"Bernardo rapes Tammy for about a minute before she starts to wake up† and so they temporarily abandon their plan then, waiting for another opportunity. ("Key events in the Bernardo/Homolka case"). Then, six months before their marriage, at a Christmas party at Karla parent’s house, Karla first mixes sedative Halcyon in the alcoholic drinks of Tammy. After the party was over and family members retired, the husband and wife duo took Tammy to the basement, with Karla holding a cloth soaked with Halothane over Tammy's mouth. (Becker, 2005). There, Paul with Karla

Production Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Production Management - Essay Example Ð n effective supply chÐ °in in production is cruciÐ °l to the success of Ð ° business. "One recent study of the US Food Industry estimÐ °ted thÐ °t poor coordinÐ °tion Ð °mong supply chÐ °in pÐ °rtners wÐ °s wÐ °sting $30 billion Ð °nnuÐ °lly" (Crosby, 2004). This cÐ °n be illustrÐ °ted if we consider the trÐ °ditionÐ °l view of Ð ° supply chÐ °in Ð °s similÐ °r to Ð ° pipe thÐ °t cÐ °rries the service or product being provided. When the pipe becomes clogged, the entire system must be flushed to solve the problem. SimilÐ °rly, when Ð ° supply chÐ °in does not work properly, Ð ° business must flush the chÐ °nnel becÐ °use it cÐ °nnot pinpoint where the problem is. This cÐ °uses compÐ °nies to lose profits Ð °nd sÐ °les. Now, however, compÐ °nies Ð °re implementing Ð ° new type of supply chÐ °in mÐ °nÐ °gement, where the firm views the supply chÐ °nnel Ð °s Ð ° whole system insteÐ °d of concentrÐ °ting of eÐ °ch pÐ °rt of the process. The compÐ °ny focuses on Ð °ll efforts, from the procurement of rÐ °w mÐ °teriÐ °ls to the distribution of the finished product, Ð °nd how eÐ °ch effort relÐ °tes to the others (Ð ndrÐ °ski, 1998). This Ð °llows more communicÐ °tion to exist within the pipe Ð °nd problems to be more eÐ °sily identified. In the following pÐ °per I will present fundÐ °mentÐ °ls of effective production mÐ °nÐ °gement thÐ °t consists of the chÐ °in from suppliers to customers Ð °nd the processes such Ð °s people, process Ð °nd plÐ °nt. I will introduce the notion of Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °bility, the single minute exchÐ °nge of die Ð °nd throughput. The production supply chÐ °in is trÐ °ditionÐ °lly chÐ °rÐ °cterized Ð °s Ð ° stÐ °ble system in which components Ð °nd goods move smoothly from suppliers to Ð °ssembly to customers. For exÐ °mple, Ð ° pÐ °ckÐ °ged consumer goods mÐ °nufÐ °cturer, for instÐ °nce, comprises mÐ °nufÐ °cturing, pÐ °ckÐ °ging, distribution, wÐ °rehousing, Ð °nd retÐ °iling. The concept of the customers demÐ °nd chÐ °in, which trÐ °nsfers demÐ °nd from mÐ °rkets to suppliers, is significÐ °ntly less fÐ °miliÐ °r. To give one exÐ °mple, Ð °

Hero Essay Example for Free

Hero Essay Heroes are often stereotyped as fairytale characters who are endowed with supernatural powers that make them strong and buff. In reality, a hero can be an ordinary human being who strives to do extraordinary things to help others and make a difference in the world. A true hero not only possesses the qualities of strength and bravery, but also embody selflessness, morality and perseverance, essentially becoming a role model for all of those around him or her. Oprah Winfrey is just one example of an average person in our society who fits the characteristics and role of being a hero. She has devoted her time, skills, attention, and resources towards making the world a more prosperous place for others by educating, motivating, inspiring and rescuing people all over the world. Through the great generosity of Oprahs Angel Network and the construction of the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa, Oprah Winfrey has proven herself to be a true role model and inspiration to all by her selfless deeds that make her a true hero of our times. To begin with, Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty to a single mother in Mississippi and faced many difficulties and grievances throughout her childhood years. She was sexually abused by her uncle, cousin, and family friend and became pregnant at the age of fourteen; her son died a short while after. Oprah then moved to Tennessee with her father where she began her career in the entertainment business. Her career began with a job on the radio at the age of nineteen and eventually led to the creation of the Emmy-winning talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show. According to Forbes Magazine, in 2003, Oprah became the first African-American woman to reach billionaire status, breaking through cultural, geographical and gender barriers, letting the world know it’s not your circumstances, but your heart that determines how far you go in this world. As Oprahs name became more widespread, so did her generosity. The Oprah Angel Network began to donate one hundred thousand dollars for the Use Your Life Award to all of those who dedicated their lives to helping others and had numerous achievements regarding humanitarian issues. Furthermore, she regularly gives charity to organizations such as AIDS Foundation of Chicago, Childrens Memorial Hospital and the Chicago Academy of the Arts. In addition to those organizations, Oprah has also gave out her sincere wishes and help to those poor souls who have been affected by the Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina. She donated over one million dollars to the Tsunami relief fund and ten million to those who were gravely affected by the disaster of Katrina. Growing up with a childhood full of hardships and being able to overcome them truly makes Oprah Winfrey an inspiration to everyone. Her selflessness, generosity, and general love and compassion for human kind has brought so many changes to our society that cannot be overlooked. Her immense perseverance and selflessness are just two contributing factors that make her the person she is today; a hero. Most importantly, Oprahs dedication to helping under privileged students obtain their education makes her a role model and symbol of hope for children all around the world. She created the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa, where girls learn to use their full capacity to become excellent decision makers and the next leaders of our generation. The best African American teachers and administrators will be appointed in this school to help the girls excel in their knowledge and education. Not only is she the founder of the school, but the Oprah Winfrey Foundation contributed ten million dollars to maintain it as well. Oprah is helping to fight the battle against illiteracy one step at a time, and through her actions against it, she creates a foundation that many other people can follow. By giving so much importance to education, she becomes an inspiration and motivation that encourages girls all around the world to pursue their education further. By providing education, Oprah is empowering girls everywhere and giving them more options in their life than they ever imagined. As Oprah once stated, â€Å"Education is the path to the future. I believe that education is indeed freedom. With Gods help, these girls will be the future leaders on the path to peace in South Africa and the world. Once again, Oprah proved herself to be selfless and moral woman who persevered in becoming a role model for all of those around her. Her generosity is now the reason that girls in South Africa actually have a chance to make something of themselves and to receive an education. With one simple donation, she changed the lives of thousands of girls and created a brighter, much better future for them than they could imagine. By doing such deeds open-handedly and without anything in return, Oprah Winfrey is a genuine hero of our society. In conclusion, heroes are not people like Superman or Batman, but rather those who do everything in their ability to make the world a better place and Oprah Winfrey is just one of many who fit the criteria of being a true hero. She is engulfed around being selfless, moral, brave, perseverant, and a role model and inspiration to everyone around her. The generosity of Oprahs Angel Network has helped many impoverished people and even led to the construction of the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in South Africa. With donations like these, Oprah has literally changed the future for African American girls in South Africa and helped them become more independent. She is now looked upon as a symbol for hope and a prosperous future because of all of her charity work concerning humanitarian issues. Heroes like Oprah Winfrey inspire everyone with their openness and compassion, essentially becoming a symbol for hope with their vision for a brighter and better future.

Chemistry-soaps And Detergents :: essays research papers

Cleaning with soap and soapless detergents. Detergent comes from the Latin word detergere meaning to clean, it is defined as a cleansing agent. Therefore, water itself is a detergent. This essay looks at soap and soapless (or synthetic) detergents. Both substances we use everyday and have a big market commercially, they effect everyone. Soaps are made from natural products and soapless detergents are produced chemically, each having advantages and disadvantages. Soap has a much longer history than it’s relatively new synthetic version. There is evidence of soap made in Mediterranean countries around 2500 years ago. The basic process has not changed much although now the chemistry is understood. Soap is made from the process called saponification, the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. It is essentially the reverse of esterification. O O R-C-O-R’ + NaOH ---- R-C-O-Na+ + R’OH Ester(fat) + base(caustic soda) ---- salt of fatty acid(soap) + alcohol(glycerol). Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) can be used instead of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)but is more expensive. The base used to come from wood ash containing potassium carbonate which formed potash as this was not plentiful it made soap a luxury. The cheapest source of the ester is animal and vegetable fats and oils. H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O-Na+ This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away. In soft neutral water soap works very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and magnesium ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, scum which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks down the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesn’t rinse out completely. The production of synthetic detergents are an example of a standard chemical approach. If a useful substance has some undesirable properties an attempt is made to make a near copy synthetically which will perform better.

Self Discovey in King Lear Essay -- History, Renaissance, Galileo, Cat

Throughout recorded history, humans have deemed themselves superior to all other living creatures. The Bible, arguably the most influential work of literature extant, demonstrates human superiority in the excerpt, "Let us make man in our image...let them rule over the flesh of the sea and the birds of the air, over all the earth." This notion of superiority was especially evident during the Renaissance, a period categorized by the rebirth of thinking and knowledge. The Renaissance, which lasted from about 1300 to 1600, brought advances in science that clashed with traditional viewpoints on life and the universe. Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist, mathematician, and astronomer, with evidence from Copernicus' works, proposed a heliocentric model of the universe; that is, a model in which the planets revolve around the sun. The Catholic Church opposed Galileo's ideas, claiming that Bible verses placed the earth at the center of the galaxy; this further supports the notion of human eminence. Galileo was placed on trail in 1633 for heresy and imprisoned for the remainder of his life. Galileo's imprisonment demonstrates the stronghold the church had on society, even during the Renaissance. Equanimity, compliance, and human superiority were tenets supported by the Catholic Church; dissent and individualism were not. Renaissance authors, such as William Shakespeare, seemed to protest human superiority and Stoicism. In King Lear, one of Shakespeare's especially famous works, the main character from which the play gains its namesake embarks on an emotional journey of self-discovery. The play commences with Lear, the reigning King of England, preparing to divide his kingdom. Lear has three daughters: Regan, Goneril, ... ... 39-year old man from California, slaughtered his family in an attempt to receive a sizable inheritance. Lyle and Erik Menendez, also from California, ended the lives of their parents in pursuit of an upper-class lifestyle. These individuals valued money over familial ties; King Lear originally valued power and compliance over his own blood. The self-discovery of King Lear exemplifies the fact that humans are far more valuable than money or power in attempt to set an example for humanity. These lessons still ring true in more modern times; famed psychiatrist Sigmund Freud warned against accepting flattery as genuine and giving away one's possessions during his or her lifetime. Lear's self-discovery came too late to save his daughters; the play seems to encourage humanity to have its own self-discovery before it disavows its Cordelias in the pursuit of niceties.

Catholic Schools Week

This year’s national theme for Catholic Schools Week is â€Å"Catholic Schools: A+ for America. † The five years I have been at St. Dominic’s, I have experienced that it is very different then a public school and is much better. At St. Dominic’s, we go to church every Friday. During Church on Fridays, the Mass is run by the school so each class take turns serving and reading and being the gift bearers. We also have a Christmas play which is run by the 8th grade every year.On top of that we have a great religion class every day except on Friday’s and our priest will sometimes come over to school and read us a bible verse or two. To me, St. Dominic’s makes me feel like I am in a safe environment, to me it’s like a family. Here at St. Dominic’s our teachers do whatever they can to make us an A+ student. They care about are grades so we can have higher expectations and so we can live a better Christian life. So we do a lot of projec ts and activity to help us understand are work better.Here at St. Dominic’s we have one of every grade since it is a smaller school and we have smaller class sizes. So the friends you meet in pre-school are the friends you are going to graduate with and possible more. One of the projects we started a few years ago at St. Dominic School is recycling. The whole school gets involved. Each year we all have a competition to see which class collects the most recycling and whoever wins gets a reward. Recycling is something good for are county as well as our country. Also at St.Dominic’s, the 6th – 8th grade have to do service hours for a religion grade. I think this has a great impact on our country as a whole because we are making it possible to live in a safer environment by doing the smallest things like recycling and giving up are time for others in need. We also help out a round school like we rack the leaves in the fall and help put out salt in the winter. We als o work with the younger students helping them learn how to tie their shoes or sitting with them at church to teach them how to behave during Mass.Something else that we do as 8th graders at St. Dominic school is we teach the 5th grade how to serve during church. Since the 8th graders are the oldest students, we are asked to help out a lot. Whenever someone needs something we are always there to help them. So we have to take the biggest role in leading our school to a better community. Once you leave St. Dominic you are on your own and hopefully you always leave a Christian life. St. Dominic has made me realize that I can do whatever I want to as long as I put my mind to it.

Persin development

Silkysteps early years forum – planning ideas for play > Welcome to Silkysteps Early Years Forum > Early Years Discussion Forums > Training, Qualifications & CPD > Level 3 Diploma & NVQ SCH 32 2. 3 Describe how own values belief systems and experiences affect practice User Name Remember Me? Password Register FAQ Members List Calendar Arcade Level 3 Diploma & NVQ Level 3 : NVQ Children's Care, Learning and Development and Diploma for the Children and Young People's Workforce. Please DO NOT COPY and PASTE information from this forum and then submit the work as your own.Plagiarism isks you failing the course and the development of your professional knowledge. Go to Page†¦ Page 1 of 21 Thread Tools Display Modes easylife Acorn †Putting down roots†¦ † Posts: 11 JOtn Date: Mar 2010 SCH 32 2. 3 Describe how own values belief systems and experiences affect practice I really would like to thank every one here in this site. Without posting any question last year fo r my NVQ Level 2 that I passed I really benefit from all of your posted answers. I have now started my Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People's Workforce and we have 21 units this year I am in unit 052 is any one here doing the same course? periences my effect working practice? Manythanks View Public Profile Find all posts by easylife #2 10-16-2010, 10:11 PM Ruthierhyme Administrator Join Date: Nov 2005 posts: 5,959 Hi a warm welcome to the site xxYou need to look at what you value, what beliefs you personally have and the experiences that you have that may or maynot affect the way you work. How would you describe your outlook on life? Negative? do you feel things will go badly Optimistic? maybe you're open toa range of possible outcomes Are you positively focussed? o you find it easy to be keen, motivated, eager to plan, witness and take art. The collins handbook lays out guidance for this assessment criteria by category Family background: the make-up of your immediate a nd extended family and their impact; whether you were an only child or were there many children; sibling rivalry; a mix of genders; the history of your family; whether there was a harsh discipline or permissive attitude. Environment: the house/flat/caravan you grew up in and its location, within town or rural setting, within a cetain geographical area, or a different country.Finances: whether you were wealthy or struggled to have your basic needs met. Education: the ethos of your school; whether single or mixed sex; boarding or day school; inspirational teachers; success academiucally; whether you were bullied; whether you developed special interests. Religious or spiritual beleif system including if you embraced or rejected this. Moral influences: values passed onto you as being of central importance to the way you live your life. Pg 54 – Everyone is influenced and shaped by their unique experience of life.It can be hard to separate personal and professional responses when y ou're asked to perform both simultaneously throughout each working day. For the ability to maintain objectivity or be unaffected by personal bias maybe look at your personal Would it help to evaluate ; examine them by refelcting on your feelings? . eg. if you were asked to write a sentence using your positive/indifferent/negative thoughts on each of the following, what would that single sentence be/ what would it children's rights? a good idea or bad idea? sum up? human rights? ECM and positive outcomes? artnership and working together as an internal and external team? male / female roles – who stays home to care for children, who goes out to work, who uses ifferent tools, who drives different vehicles, who takes which managerial position . human appearance – skin colour, eye colour,How do you know when you've discriminated against others or found you've contradicted yourself. healthy eating substance use – smoking, drugs, alchol mental health exual health Consi der the role that you're charged with, the title ; description of your Job and the positive outcomes during their time with you and as an underpinning expectation for their forevers. Which of the above do you feel you can whole heartedly support, enjoying all the opportunities available that would promote learning about it.Which do you accept are an individual's own choice, whilst not your personal choice you respect their rights/right to be safe, express themselves Which do you struggle to understand, challenges your thinking, causes you to feel defensive or makes you feel a need to ustify or re-examine your reasoning. How supportive could you be to someone with views and beliefs that conflict with your own. How do you think your views, beliefs impact on your practice?Are you able to separate personal and professional responses? Are you able to see what difference exists between personal and professional practice – objectivity? Are you able to overcome strength of personal f eeling to safeguard the children in your care and work in partnership with parents and colleagues? For ideas on methods of relective practice ‘e. thinking, writing, discussion, enacting or role play – this thread may help

Most Important Scientific Event of 2007

The scientific event with the most significant implications for the future was recognition of unique differences between genome sequences of individual people (Pennisi, 2007). It is believed that about 99.5% of human DNA is exactly the same in every person. Within that 0.5% lies the variations that are responsible for individual traits and diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression, alcoholism, heart disease, and other serious diseases (National Human Genome Research Institute). Genetic variations also affect how individuals respond to drugs and environmental factors. The goals of National Human Genome Research Institute are to discover and type single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other forms of genetic variation on a large scale across the genome; to develop high-resolution maps of genetic variation and haplotypes; and to develop methods for the large-scale experimental and statistical analysis of SNPs, other forms of genetic variation, haplotypes and complex traits (National Human Genome Research Institute). Previous work on the human genome has including the search for a relationship between specific genes and various diseases, such as an â€Å"addiction gene† or a â€Å"cancer gene† or some similar link. This research has already led to the identification of specific genes that are responsible for several diseases. Previous research on the human genome has also identified what separates humans from other primates, genetically speaking. In addition to identifying the genome sequences that are responsible for diseases, breakthroughs that occurred during 2007 will allow scientists to pinpoint the genetic variations that make me, me and you, you. Individual genomes appear to include the causes of behavioral traits that had been previously attributed to personality or psychiatric characteristics and not to genetics (Pennisi, 2007). The most obvious application of this research will be in the use of gene therapy to combat diseases. At the simplest level, understanding an individual's predisposition towards certain diseases will allow physicians to recommend preventative treatments and lifestyle choices that can reduce or eliminate the genetic threat. On a more complex level, genetic research can provide new, customized treatments that are specifically designed to match the genetic needs of the individual patient. Genetic medicine could be used to treat diseases after the disease has developed or, in some cases, used to treat genetic disorders during pregnancy. While the medical applications for genome research show much promise, there are also serious implications for individual privacy and genetic discrimination. Once again, legal and ethical development has not kept pace with scientific and technological development. Despite the introduction of several pieces of legislation designed to help ensure genetic privacy and to shield individuals from the misuse of genetic information, there is still no federal legislation that addresses the issue of genetic discrimination in individual insurance coverage or to genetic discrimination in the workplace (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, 2007). As the ability to sequence the genome sequences of individuals becomes more practical, insurance companies and other interested parties might consider it cost effective to use genetic sequencing to reduce any potential liabilities from policy holders or applicants. Many insurance companies already have policies regarding preexisting conditions. The leap from policies that exclude   preexisting conditions a policy that excludes diseases for which the individual has a genetic predisposition is not that far removed. The ability to map individual genomes will open new doors for medical treatment of disease. Hopefully, 2008 will see breakthroughs of a similar magnitude in ethics and laws regarding the gathering, sharing, and use of genetic information. References National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (2008). Genetic variation program. Online. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http://www.genome.gov/10001551 Pennisi, E. (2007). Breakthrough of the year: Human genetic variation. Science, 318 (5858), pp. 1842 – 1843. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5858/1842 U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (2007). Genetics Privacy and Legislation. Online. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/legislat.shtml

Quize in Health & Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quize in Health & Safety - Essay Example In many of those situations there was no individual to blame because there was a long chain of command and the seniors were not aware of the risks of the actual work whereas the juniors were just carrying out their jobs. As a result no on could be blamed for any cases of work related death. Surprisingly current laws require that an individual is pinpointed for any disaster that occurs in a company. This is extremely difficult at larger corporations as a result of which only small companies have been prosecuted to date. (Economist) The main purpose of the new law is to ensure stronger action against organisations for which the existing law has little or no importance and application. This new offence nevertheless does not increase or reduce individual responsibility but instead provides a distinguishable basis for what can be best called the criminal liability of organisations. The new law will no doubt improve safety levels in companies as it shall apply when someone has been killed because the senior management has "grossly failed to take reasonable care for the safety of employees or others". (Paton) The existing law on corporate manslaughter is unsatisfactory.

How might hegemons encourage the proliferation of regimes among other Essay

How might hegemons encourage the proliferation of regimes among other states - Essay Example cultural hegemonic worldview is therefore successful (largely) due to the economic, military-related or politically-oriented dominance maintained by the hegemon. An enquiry has been posed, questioning how hegemons might potentially encourage propagation of regimes among other states. Regimes are established governments, cultural norms or rules that guide and control an established institution and serve as the foundation for how this institution engages and interacts with domestic and international societies. In contemporary IR studies, regimes are enacted through interventions by the public and are considered permanent and durable organisations of norms and practices, such as the World Trade Organization or other organization with ample legal support and regulations to achieve institutional objectives. Hegemons, due to their economic or military-related superiority over other states and their ability to influence worldwide cultural norms, are often opposed by other states. The degree to which a state maintains power serves as the underpinning for international relations ideologies and hegemons attempt to exert this power to construct methodo logies for constructing international order (Buzan 2004). States that are, therefore, subjugated by hegemons and compelled to assimilate to the dominant cultural values of the hegemon can experience substantial indignation, seeing hegemonic dominance as an affront to domestic state ideologies that differ from the hegemon. Hence, hegemons encourage the proliferation of regimes among other states as an effort to liberate a state from hegemonic dominance, re-exert the subjugated state’s values and beliefs, and create a multi-polar international environment with more equilibrium in the global balance of power and other state influence in exerting unique and differentiated worldviews. The world, today, is witnessing the rise of a new regime, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a regime with an objective of establishing a

Positron Emission Tomography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Positron Emission Tomography - Essay Example The nucleus of an atom has nucleons and the protons collectively known as nucleon. The mass number is the total number of nucleons present in a nucleus. A nuclide has the following composition, Atomic number denoted by Z, the neutron number denoted by N and the mass number denoted by A. isotopes are atomic species having identical properties in chemical composition (Z) but different mass numbers (A). The atom’s outermost orbital electrons are involved in the chemical reactions and the chemical behavior will not change when the compound is labeled with radioactive isotope. In addition, the nuclear radioactive characteristics are not affected by the chemical composition of the atom. When a small volume of a system comprises of numerous particles that are confined together, then the system becomes unstable. An unstable nucleus then becomes stable by transforming itself through emission of particles and photons. This process is what is termed as radioactive decay, and when the nuc lides undergo through a similar process, it is called radionuclide. The radioactivity studies form the basis to understand the atomic nucleus. Initial unstable nucleus in the decay of radioactive nuclides is known as the parent and daughter is the final nucleus that is more

Direct And Database Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Direct And Database Marketing - Case Study Example They are now starting to pursue the natural progression relationship marketing, where their marketing communication to a customer will be defined according to the nature of that customer. Secondly, they sell through an indirect channel, yet their efforts can be defined as direct marketing because it is done to customers with the goal of a direct response in return (Tapp 2004 p4). To reach the wide customer base currently served, Lawson uses indirect sales via 1600 independent sales representatives. As their sales channel is therefore highly granular as well as being independent, information flow back to Lawson is limited, in particular for analysis of customer data or tracking of marketing campaigns. The industry sector is also one that typically does not exploit the possibilities of database marketing, although in the light of the competitive situation, this may change (RRW 2008). The company saw that more effective marketing was required and hired executives with marketing skills to address the situation (Adcock et al 2001). These new members of the company realised that instead of treating all customers as the same, it was necessary to capture customer details in order to build a relationship with that customer and by personalising the treatment given, to maximise the possibilities of repeat business (Tapp 2004 p4). ... The company's data at the time was distributed in an ad hoc fashion between spreadsheets, smaller databases and mailing lists. Although it gave personal customer data and purchase data on what different customers had bought, it lacked the data on what communication or sales campaign history was and what responses the customer might have given. It was in this sense not a full marketing database (Goldwag 2003). A number of related software applications were implemented to address this situation, including applications to cleanse data, analyse it, store it in an SQL database and provide reports. The cleansing of the data is to prevent duplication of records as well as invalid addresses or customers who have requested that no contact be made. The analysis is currently done to assess the effectiveness of Lawson's life cycle marketing with particular emphasis on customer retention. This is a time-series method, which as a short-term measure is relatively fast and precise for the prediction of customer response and sales revenue (Tapp 2004 p59). The conclusions that Lawson has reached so far are that there is considerable turnover of customers and therefore lower customer loyalty, and that customer defection happens rapidly and therefore demands a rapid response from Lawson. This is the short-term answer until the marketing team refines a model that not only let them exploit the end customer's growing wish to have direct contact with the manufacturer of the good that they purchase, but also uses this direct marketing to add value to products such as rivets and screws that are often perceived as a commodity offering (Tapp 2004 p15). A figure for the return on investment on the efforts made so far is unavailable. Lawson's evaluation of the benefits