Ecology Assignment

Assignment 2 Define the following Terms: 1. ) Endotherm: Organisms that rely heavily on internally derived metabolic heat energy, Hm (Pg. 109) 2. ) Ectotherm: Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energer for regulating body temperature. (pg. 109) 3. ) Poikilotherms: Animals whose body temperature varies directly with environmental temperatures. (pg. 109) 1. ) Concept 6. 2 Review #2 during severe droughts, some of the branches of shrubs and trees die while others survive.How might losing some branches increase the probability that an individual plant will survive a drought? Because of the limited supply of water sacrafices must be made the trees and plants that are not able to sustain the harsh conditions of the drought die while the plants that thrive will live. Although leave and branches may fall that is okay because of the shortage of water there will be water going to the places that need it the most and the branches are not the most substantial part of the plant. The roots and the stem is therefore that is where the priority lies. . ) Concept Review 7. 1 #1What environmental conditions favor plants with C3 photosynthesis? Why? Plants in moist climates use C3 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis requires CO2 and is the most common and easiest type of photosynthesis available to plants, it uses only simple chemical reactions within the leaf and that’s all it needs in order to work properly. 3. ) Define the term haploid. A haploid is a single set of unpaired chromosomes. In haplodiploid systems, males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid. Females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

Civil Rights Essay

Although the 1960’s are usually considered the decade of greatest achievement for black civil rights, the 1940’s and 1950’s were periods of equally important gains. Asses the Validity of this statement. Equality was always a touchy subject following the civil war. Following the war, the north did not put emphasis on equality for all men. It took almost a century longer for complete equality to be achieved. Clearly these changes did not come around quickly, and it took a large group effort to bring about change. The ending results of the fight for Civil Rights that came in the 1960’s are of equal or even lesser importance to the events that enacted the change during the 1940’s and 1950’s. The 1960’s were a time of great results of the effort to establish civil rights for African Americans. In the earl sixties, movements such as the Freedom Riders were still in full effect, but the government was beginning to sway to the black side. President Kennedy brings the Civil Rights Bill to congress in 1963. It is put down by the southern democrats. As a result, Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement organize a massive political march in Washington. One of the high points of this march is Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial. The efforts come to fruition with the passing of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964, and Voting Rights Bill of 1965. But the Efforts made in the sixties are mere fractions of the total amount of drive from the previous decades. Civil Rights was an important issue that came up after, and during, WWII. Many Blacks wanted to serve their country in the army, but couldn’t due to military segregation. President Truman brought the Civil Rights issue to light when he established his Committee on Civil Rights. Shortly after the committee was established, the President passed a series of executive orders removing segregation in the military and in the government workforce. This was the first effort taken by the government concerning equal rights for the African Americans. These Efforts promptly continued at the turn of the decade. The Civil Rights movement really began to sink in leading up to it’s peak in  the late fifties. In 1950, a major court ruling changed the face of racial segregation involving schools. The Supreme Court case Brown v Board of Education was a shock to the US population that had Blacks all over seeing a light at the end of the tunnel. Segregation in schools was ruled a violation of the fourteenth amendment by the court. This ruling was put to the test in 1952 when nine black students attempted to enroll in a public high school. Crowds gathered in order to stop the students. Then, President Eisenhower sent in a group of troop to escort the students to school; showing that the federal government would support the court ruling. More and more Blacks decided to take a stand. In Montgomery, Alabama, Civil Rights activists staged a bus boycott. These events turned more and more people towards the cause. As time went on, activists grew more organized. The events of the 1950’s set up the success that came in the 1960’s The 1940’s and 1940’s were just as important as the 1960’s for the Civil Rights movement because, major events during this era created a sense of unity that allowed for organization in the sixties. It is important not to overlook the necessary preludes to the march on Washington. Although results are finally felt in the sixties, it could never have happened without the bravery of the previous twenty-so years.

Karl Marx & Max Weber on Social Stratification

We cannot deny the existence of social structures or system by which people are categorized or ranked in a hierarchy. This people categorization is otherwise known as social stratification. It is a universal characteristic of society that persists over generations.   It is a social structure by which social issues and organizational problems arise.In a society, groups of people share a similar social status, and this is known as social class. Over the years, the importance and definition of membership in any social class evolve and change between societies. Societies have become all the more dynamic because of technological advances, industrialization, and now, globalization.Contemporary societies stratify into a hierarchical system based on economic status, income or wealth, and this is known as socioeconomic class.   In the past, societies have an upper class and a lower class. Those in the upper class are deemed to be the very wealthy and powerful, while those from the lower c lass are the poor and the weak.Considering social changes and developments in the twentieth century, new groups called the middle class and working class in urban societies emerged.   Members of the middle class are the educated, highly paid professionals like doctors, accountants, scientists, and lawyers. They nonetheless work for or render services for the upper class. Much like the working class, they receive their wages, only they earn above the minimum wage because of the market value of their professions and skills. Their market value increases as they increase their skills and competencies. They have the chance to increase their income and eventually move up the social ladder (Krieken, et al, 2001, p. 62).Meanwhile, those who belong to the working class are the trades people, factory laborers, drivers, and similar workers who has some skills training, which they use to earn a living. Although they may be considered financially stable due to regular income, they still belong to the lower class for the reason that they earn only slightly above the minimum wage.Other members of the lower class are the underemployed, unemployed, welfare beneficiaries, homeless, and everyone else who live below the poverty line. Due to lack of education and skills, their opportunities are simply limited (McGregor, 1997, p. 261).Social stratification is already an intrinsic structure of any society, and if it has its benefits and function in a society, which some scholars believe, that is reward and merit for productivity. People are rewarded for their productive efforts and skills. When we speak of reward, it does not only mean economic reward. Remember that people are also rewarded with (social) honor and this is known as social status.Karl Max and Max Weber were distinguished theorists whose works have become the basic but significant frameworks of sociology. Their concepts prove to be relevant until today. They have provided a rich reservoir of perspectives, which help contemporary social thinkers and learners, understand social stratification, classes and status groups. They both laid the groundwork for understanding social conflict and inequality in modern society such that whenever issues of social inequality arise, whether it is on the basis of social class, race, ethnicity, gender, and other dimensions, all these are explored and studied in the context of sociological traditions derived from their works.  Karl Marx’ Concept of Class Karl Marx defined class in terms of the extent to which a person or social group has the capacity to control the means of production. Those of the same social class have a common relationship to the means of production. Marx believed that the base of inequality among individuals in modern societies is economy (Sanghara).Marx believed that classes are constituted by the relationship of groupings of individuals to property ownership in the means of production. In this regard, a few own properties and capita l while others do not, many work while only a few live off the fruits of those workers. Class societies have been built around a line of demarcation between two antagonistic classes, one dominant and the other subordinate (Giddens, 1971, p. 37).Marx’ view of social stratification stemmed from his observations of early industrialization in Europe during the late part of the 19th century. He saw the existence of two major classes –the ruling class (capitalists) and the working class, or otherwise known as the bourgeois and proletariat. The capitalists were viewed as such because of their ownership of the means of production, as well as the power this creates – economically and even politically (Krieken, et al, 2001, p. 55).In a capitalist system, the ruling class, with their economic resources, lives from the productivity of the working class, and this is when social divisions and conflicts arise. Unlike in tribal, rural or simple societies where people live by hu nting (or gathering), people can not be categorized differently, because no one has more than others do.Marx believed that the conflict between the bourgeois (capitalists) who happen to control production, and the proletariat who actually produce the goods or render services in a society, on the basis of capitalism.In capitalism, control over production evokes control over the laborers, and this set-up is likely to result in exploitation of workers by the capitalists. With the craving of capitalists themselves to compete with fellow capitalists, and the greediness for more material gains, Marx predicted that in a society where the capitalist system prevails, financial resources of the few but wealthy capitalists would flourish. At the same time, the income disparity between the poor and the rich would continue. Meanwhile, as capitalists continue to exploit workers, the workers would remain victims of economic crises.The social classes that originated from the capitalist system that Marx knew during his time still holds true today, only, the bourgeois class has become fragmented over the last century due to the emergence of the so-called stockholders. Likewise, the proletariat has been changed significantly by the â€Å"white-collar revolution.† Decades ago, work involved mostly manual labor, or otherwise known as â€Å"blue-collar† occupations. â€Å"White-collar† occupations involve mostly mental or non-manual skills. However, the shared social structure of earning wages makes both proletariats during Marx’ time, and today’s educated but average office workers, a â€Å"working class.†Today, workers’ conditions have significantly improved through the efforts of labor organizations, and, because of expanded legal rights and protection of workers. While exploitation of workers still happen, and a small proportion of powerful people control the vast majority of wealth in our society, Marx’ perspectives will continue to prove valuable and significant in our understanding of social conflicts that arise from social stratification.Max Weber’s Social StratificationMax Weber expressed a two-fold classification of social stratification, with social class, status groups as distinct concepts. He believed that, the economic order was of great importance in determining the precise position of different communities, but nonetheless, he did not discount the important role of religion, ideas, status, and bureaucracy (Hadden, 1997, p. 126).Weber defined class as the disproportionate distribution of economic rewards, and the status group as the disproportionate distribution of social honor (Krieken, et al, 2001, p.58). Class position is determined by one’s market value. This market value is founded by education, talent, acquired skills and competencies. He had no notion of â€Å"surplus value,† unlike Marx. Social class is simply an aggregate of people with similar work or profess ional opportunities, and their position would depend on the choices they made out of these opportunities.Unlike social class, status groups have similar qualities like groups. They are influenced by how social honor is shared among the members of the group. Lifestyle is shared by those of the same social circle. Belonging to a status group may depend on kinship, education, and at the most extreme, through a caste system, which happens to be related to one’s culture. In a caste system, status is determined not only by law and convention, but also by religious sanction (Gane, 2005, p. 211).Contrary to Marx’ perception, Weber believed that status is more influential than economic condition. He introduced the concept of status groups as an additional social category to define one’s consumption pattern or lifestyle. If Marx focused on one’s position in the production assembly, Weber believed that status groups are actually communities held together by common l ifestyles and social esteem. Status groups share the same professions, views, as well as lifestyles. They do not just enjoy economic rewards, but social honor as well. With their professional achievement, comes social honor.Weber was concerned with individuality and generality (Ritzer, p. 114). For instance, he   recognized the individuality of people – their talents, skills and competencies and, that people have a good chance to further their career and improve their standard of living by increasing their market value through education.Weber’s theory on social mobility (or movement in the class structures) is more promising. Unlike Marx’ idea of social class which imply that animosity between the bourgeois and proletariat will not end until the proletariat eventually overthrow the bourgeois.However, Weber’s concept of social mobility does not only mean an upward movement. The reverse may also happen and that is – moving down the social ladder. M oving up or down the social ladder will depend upon the life choices the person made, as well as opportunities he had. In this case, the middle class are the most predisposed as it is only an intermediary class. Just like how Marx argued, the middle class would be eventually absorbed into both the upper and lower class, as this is not sufficiently different for it to survive (as a social class) in the long run.ConclusionKarl Marx and Max Weber were two important personalities whose theories led to our understanding of social stratification, class and status groups. Marx provided an elaborate and very systematic concept of capitalism and capitalist development, and its effect in society.   While Weber held other factors were also relevant in determining the future of our society   such as religion, culture, ideas, values, meaning, social and personal action.Marx and Weber’s perspectives amazingly still hold true in today’s modern societies. In the â€Å"Communist M anifesto,† Marx and Engels remarked that â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Bottomore, 1983,   p. 75). In any historical era, social classes were real and today, pressing economic conditions make social stratification and other structures all the more complex.Despite the fact that many work even harder to achieve more economic reward, many cannot move up the social ladder. â€Å"The class in its turn achieves an independent existence over against the individuals, so that the latter find their conditions of existence predestined, and hence have their position in life and their personal development assigned to them by their class, become subsumed under it† (Giddens and Held, p. 20)To be in the middle of the ladder, and stay there is such a long tedious struggle. Opportunities come, but sometimes, these elude them. In most modern societies in the world, many still live below the poverty line. But those who are bo rn in a wealthy or powerful family, knows just where they stand in the hierarchy system – and that is similar to that of their parents. Looking at how wealth is proportioned in today’s society, and how richer populations possess and continue to increase their wealth, Marx was right. The trend of widening disparity in wealth and social class between the rich and the poor will continue, until we brace ourselves as a social group to make a conscious and consolidated effort of reducing this gap.Weber believed, we can accomplish things which we do not even rationally or scientifically   think we are capable of doing, â€Å"namely the subjective understanding of the action of the component individuals† (Weber, 1968, p. 15). In other words, man has innate capabilities and the power to make significant change in himself and in the society where he belongs.To illustrate his viewpoint and applying it in contemporary society – and it may already sound clichà ©, o ne way of reducing the gap between social classes is through education. Through education, we are able to set the social foundation for the next generations.   It is the long route, but nonetheless, its impact has more lasting value.References:Bottomore, T (ed), 1983, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, p. 75.Krieken, R, et al, 2001, Sociology Themes and Perspectives, 2nd edition, Longman, Melbourne, pp. 54-62.McGregor, C, 1997, Class in Australia, Penguin Books, Victoria, pp. 261.Gane, N, 2005, â€Å"Max Weber as a Social Theorist,† European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 211-226 (2005)Giddens, A, 1971, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 17.Giddens, A and Held, D, 1982, Classes, Power, and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates, Berkeley, University of California Press, p. 20.Hadden, R, 1997, Sociological Theory: An Introduction to the Classical Tradition, Peterborough, Ontario, Broadview Press, p. 126.Ritzer, G, 1992, Sociological Theory, 3rd edition, New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 114.Sanghara, S, The Concept of Social Inequality, 3 March 2008, http://wps.prenhall.com/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_5/23/6031/1544046.cw/index.htmlWeber, M, 1968, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, New York, Bedminster Press, p. 15.

Understanding microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding microeconomics - Essay Example Microeconomics deals with the study of human actions and behaviors, which have the tendency to affect the supply and demand system, whereas macroeconomics deals with the behavior of the whole economy. In this paper, we will not only discuss different indicators of macroeconomics. Along with that, we will also analyze the importance of aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the field of economics. We will also discuss the reasons for the shifts in the aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve in order to get a better understanding of the importance of aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the field of macroeconomics. Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is one of the major branches of economics and it is deals with the performance and structure of the overall economy of any specific country. â€Å"The field of economics known as macroeconomics focuses on the behaviors of a national economy, or a regional economy, as a whole† (Bram). The study of macroeconomics leads e conomists to the use of governmental policies to create an economic change in order to avoid depressions and other shocks related to the economy. â€Å"Macroeconomics can be best understood in contrast to microeconomics which considers the decisions made at an individual or firm level† (Moffatt). Macroeconomics focuses on the behavior and dimensions of the whole economy and is primarily concerned with a number of large-scale indicators of economy. The economists need to consider many factors in order to properly analyze the economy of a country. Some of the main factors, which the economists take into account while analyzing the economy, include rate of inflation, general behavior of price, unemployment, and production of goods and services. Macroeconomists perform a thorough analysis of these indicators in order to understand the current position and functioning of any domestic economy. In this paper, we will discuss unemployment, inflation, and production, which are the mos t important indicators of economy. Let us discuss these factors in some detail in order to get a better understanding of how these indicators reflect the economy of a country. Unemployment Unemployment is one of the most important phenomenons related to cyclical fluctuations in the economy. Unemployment rate is the ratio of the unemployed workforce to the overall size of the labor force of an economy. â€Å"In a healthy economy, a certain degree of unemployment indicated as a percentage reflects the fact that there constantly are job seekers and employers voluntarily running after better opportunities for their own good† (Yang). There are various types of unemployment, which reflect the reasons of unemployment in an economy. Some of the major types of unemployment include frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment, and cyclic unemployment. The economists find the rate of unemployment by dividing the total number of unemployed people by the labor f orce of a country which is the sum of total number of employed and unemployed people. Increased rate of unemployment is not a good sign for the economy of a country because unemployment is a factor, which not only results in loss of output but also decreases the income of the people living in any specific country. Inflation Inflation is another large-scale indicator of economy, which is associated with the rate of change in the level of prices. â€Å"

Psychoanalytic Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychoanalytic Treatment - Case Study Example At the time of the beginning of the writing, he was in his late 60's. Despite this, and the rather difficult demands which travelling to see the doctor placed on Piggle and her parents, the patient herself often demanded to see the doctor, and from an early fate, she talked to him (and he to her) as though Winnicott was a familiar part of the family; Winnicott himself described the parent's visits, and Gabrielle's later insistence on seeing him, as "Psychoanalysis on Demand" (Winnicott, 1991 page XV). This treatment system is relies upon the patient's own demands for help, as and when it is required by them. Winnicott also noted the problems with this system, particularly where the patient cannot be accommodated: The difficulties of being available to the patient, while not simply a puppet to be called on a whim, may present and interesting dilemma, as the system does depend on the whims of the patient, but Winnicott felt that this was a better solution to the needs of the patient than a weekly session "of doubtful value, falling between the two stools and preventing really deep work from being done" (Winnicott, 1991, page 3). The progress of Winnicott's treatment of Gabrielle, with an apparently happy outcome is a very interesting tale from a psychoanalytical perspective. Firstly, Winnicott did not see Gabrielle in a series of fixed sessions, but according to Gabrielle's own desires, and Winnicott describes their last session as "More like a visit from a friend to a friend" (Winnicott, 1991, page 195). Secondly, the treatment appeared to satisfy the parents, who received back the child they had seemingly lost; and Gabrielle herself seemed very satisfied with the treatment, and the troubles which she had had at the beginning were apparently ended through the analysis. This, of course, was not a course proscribed by the doctor; indeed, three years seems a very much longer period than that taken by Freud in the treatment of his patients; and no-one would suggest that the return-visit by Dora, for example, was the visiting of a friend to a friend. The gradual development of the girl, from someone who clearly exhibited a number of anxiety responses, including bad dreams and depression, to a schoolgirl who was seen at the age of 5 as very happy, at age 8 as 'very competent at her work" (Winnicott, page 200), and with what were seen as proper feminine ambitions: to be a teacher, to grow plants; however, and her parents consider that Her inner independence of judgement, and also perhaps a way Of being in touch with people on many wave-lengths, make Me wonder whether thesatisfying experience of being Understood on a deep level may not be continuing. (Winnicott, page 200). However, her conceptions about what were actually happening in the analysis may not have been that of an adult patient; Gabrielle clearly did not feel "Under Analysis", instead, she described her visits to the doctor as occurring when he was writing his autobiography, and that "He used to write and I used to play" (Winnicott, page 201). It may be an interesting question to consider whether the child benefited so much from psychoanalysis as the chance to play and talk away from her

What is Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Art - Essay Example It was like art for me was ballet, Van Gogh, and those expensive pieces auctioned off at Christie’s. The keyword is â€Å"expensive† – a consumerist concept. The interactions within the lectures – those between teacher and students and students among themselves, gave me further insights. As I learned together with others, I came to understand the diversity of our perceptions, of our skills and the individual ability to construct meanings. So art may be different but it can also be universal. It is like the concept truth, in a way. I also discovered some of my personal biases and preferences and how they affect my understanding and interpretation of artworks. Having recognized this, I can say that I am now in a better position to appreciate art and identify what it is. One important principle that I learned was that in art, there is no one or single beauty because beauty is diverse. I have learned the dynamics behind this, which I believe widened my horizon and understanding so that I am able to appreciate art in its true

Directives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Directives - Essay Example However, the Act only provides for a ten minute interval, once in four hours; and specifies a thirty – five hour week with fifteen hours of weekly overtime. Workers cannot request flexible working hours. Maria is driver for the London Underground, whose management is appointed by the Mayor of London. The expenditure incurred by it are defrayed by private enterprise and public funds, as such, it is run as a public private partnership. During the past year, Maria had worked, on an average, for fifty hours a week. She had been provided with ten minute breaks every four hours. However, her domestic commitments made it very difficult for her to cope up, and her requests for flexible working conditions had been ignored by the management. Subsequently, she became very ill, and she has obtained medical evidence that her disease was due to the stress caused by her employment. Maria’s employer, the London Underground, had been financed by public as well as private funding, and the management was appointed by the Mayor of London. Hence, this employer is an organization run by the state. Thus, Maria can invoke the Directive against her employer. The ECJ had extended the scope of the definition of state for the enforceability of council directives. In the case of Marshall, the Court ruled that individuals could invoke the rights provided by the directives. Moreover, individuals could rely on the rights that had been set out in directive for initiating legal action against a health authority. This is because a health authority is automatically an organ of the state1. The government of the United Kingdom had implemented the Directive with some changes. As such, the working hours were increased and the time of rest was reduced. With regard to compensation for damages, the ECJ made it clear in R v H.M. Treasury that individuals can claim damages

Add Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Add - Research Paper Example This article gives most of the details outlined above, such as the fact that it appears a Saudi airline truly did serve donkey meat, and is useful because it is one of the most reputable news organizations to report on the findings. It points out that Saudi airlines has mostly Muslim customers, who would be especially upset about the donkey meat. Saudi airlines constitutes a three start airline because it meets satisfactory standards in every category of airline care, including food. This means that the expectation level of a passenger on this airline should be fairly high, because they are paying for an airline that is supposed to deliver consistently good qualities of service in every area. Donkeys are considered Haram animals (forbidden animals) to be eaten because of their having cloven hooves. This means that it would be against religious practice for many Muslims to eat Donkey, even accidentally, and could be very troubling to a Muslim who

European Law assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Law assessment - Essay Example Essentially, if the national court has â€Å"any real doubts†¦it should ordinarily refer†.1 Sir Bingham’s interpretation is far too close to the duty imposed on the courts of final appeal. As determined by the ECJ in Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Garvardo SpA v Ministry under Article 234 (now Article 267), a court of final appeal is required to refer to the ECJ unless the issue of Community law arising at the trial is irrelevant or had already been determined by the ECJ or the resolution is obvious.2 In other words, the court of final appeal is required to make a reference to the ECJ where there is a real doubt pertaining to an issue of Community law. The use of the word â€Å"may† in Article 267 is hardly coincidental. It could only mean that under Article 267, national courts do not have a mandatory obligation to refer questions of Community law to the ECJ.4 The duty to refer preliminary questions on the interpretation and application of Community law is only mandatory when a court of final appeal is hearing the relevant case and remedies at the national level have been exhausted.5 However, when Sir Bingham’s ruling is considered together with the wider objectives of Article 267, his interpretation of Article 267 is entirely compatible with Article 267. The provision of preliminary references under Article 267 of TFEU is often characterized as the main â€Å"procedural† nexus for linking national courts with the ECJ within the Community’s legal framework.6 It makes the procedural link between national courts and the ECJ by providing a method by which member states integrate their legal systems in that national courts can ensure that Community law are enforced throughout the Community.7 There are essentially two primary goals enshrined in Article 267 of TFEU. Firstly, the preliminary reference procedure within the ambit of Article 267 is aimed at preserving national courts’ independence. Secondly, it is aimed at facilitating consistency,

Point of Presence Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Point of Presence Advertising - Essay Example The author planned to purchase a movie named Lord of the Rings – Fellowship of the Ring on recommendation of a friend and came across a pack of all the three movies of Lord of the Ring series at a price that was 20% less than the overall cost had the movies been purchased separately. The author realized that he anyway had to purchase the other two movies to complete the story and was delighted to get all the three of them at 20% discount. In the second purchase instance, the author was delighted to realize the value of the package as he owns both a Sony digital camera and Handy Cam. The total price was cheaper by 15%. Such product promotion advertisements resulted in positive impact on the author because the overall value of the buying decisions improved although the author didn’t had planned for part of the purchase. The effectiveness of these two â€Å"Point-of-Sale† advertisements resulted in win-win deal for both the store and the author – the store in creased the net sale value and the author got more useful products at lesser cost. The author was not at all annoyed but was happy with the sales girl for introducing these offers. Massy and Frank (1966. pp383) presented the findings of an exploratory study on behavior of retailer advertising thus establishing some interesting empirical generalizations. They could prove that the brands sell differently in different stores and the support to a brand depends upon the brand’s market share in a particular store type. The author discovered a linkage of this theory with the research by Kumar and Leone (1988. pp178-179) which stated that many customer packaged good manufacturers have resorted to funding short term sales promotion at the store level which primarily has two distinct advantages – the effectiveness of promotions can result in on the spot sales activity and the store management takes pride into participating in on the spot campaigns given increased margins & commissions.Both the manufacturer and the store management gain in this process – the former achieves brand promotion & quick sales and the latter achieves improved profitability of the store.  

North Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

North Africa - Essay Example It is a common misconception that the clusters of nations that make up the continent of Africa are just that, and nothing more. The lack of familiarity, and hence appreciation for these uniquely diverse groups of peoples and cultures perpetuates a stigma of uniformity that belies the truth. What many fail to realize is that, approximately one billion people, made up of nearly 3000 ethnic groups speaking in 2000-3000 different languages (Kaiser 15 January 2013), inhabit this majestic continent. All general notions of uniformity dealt and disposed with, I would like to take a closer look at the specific region of North Africa in order to discuss the larger historical, cultural and social influences, and the effect that they have impressed upon the music in this subcontinent.North Africa has a very influential historical background which is distinctively composed of many civilizations, empires and kingdoms; for instance, the Nok Civilization which remained in power from 500BCE to 200CE (approximate figures) similarly the Kingdom of Ghana which maintained its authority over the continent from 830 to 1235. The African continent is inhabited by emigrants belonging to different parts of the world who until the 20th century did not even consider themselves as Africans (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). The word ‘Africa’ is derived from Arabic term Ifriqiye which was an expression for the coastal areas of North Africa. Slavery carried diverse groups of people to the African land who were then recognized as one, which ultimately developed the basic thought of Africa among the residents of many countries. The extremely brutal form of slavery led the scholars of the black population; particularly those who had left their ancestral land and migrated to North Africa to conduct anti-slave campaigns. By the end of the 19th century the term ‘Africa’ was familiar among traders and intellectuals surrounding the coastal towns as the ‘rich diversi ty’. Due to this the modern day Africans are known to be the descendants of aboriginal Berber and Egyptian populace, in addition to the people of Greek, Phoenician and Roman civilizations, Moor as of Iberian Peninsula along with Arabs and Jewish. Also Sub-Saharan African who came and settled in North Africa due to distant trading and slavery. People from France, Corsica, Malta, etc. are also found in the present day North Africa (Kaiser, CD Problems?). Africans because of their rich historical background and affluent diversity among inhabitants have different religious beliefs and practices in addition to integrated music, art, drama and dance. As a result of diverse Diaspora the music of North America is influenced by their religious beliefs, spirituality, and nature; it characterizes the groups and individuals as per their prior conditions and musical abilities (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). Material cultural Africans have their own distinctive music style which comp els Westerners to recognize their special music as the ‘African Sound’. The basic idea behind their unique music style is concealed under racial unity, geographic harmony, communal politics/history/economy and above all the cultural concord. African maintain their own cultural attitude which is closely associated with the folklore and actual life events, incorporated in to routine life, active participation in music, drama, dance or visual arts. Ultimately all of these are related to their religious beliefs and nature (Kaiser, Africa and Ethnomusicology). The concept of music does not only encompass the typical music style rather it also includes education, sports and work in addition to visual art, playing instruments, poetry, singing and dancing. Furthermore it includes sounds of humans, animals and instruments as voices, there is a call and response relationship, strong link between motion and rhyme, sound, shape and feeling in the music (Kaiser, Africa a

Osama bin Laden Essay Example for Free

Osama bin Laden Essay The world is now at a turning point in its history and the reason for this is the man behind the Al-Qaeda terrorist network. Osama Bin Laden’s connections and wealth have made it possible for him to elude U. S. authorities. He has no problem recruiting men, for many Muslims in the Middle East have a hatred of America. Bin Laden has been able to organize an extremist group and they have been strike fear into the free, democratic world. Osama Bin Laden is a man in position of power and he has used it to Reign terror on the United States. In this regard, the paper will try to discuss and analyze different aspects of Osama bin Laden’s life, which is one of the foremost most wanted lives of this planet. On March 10, 1957, Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden was born in an Arab Muslim family in Saudi Arabia. Jihadist organization, Al-Qaeda was founded by this Islamic militant, which is considered one of the deadliest terrorist networks on this planet. Prince, Abu Abdullah, the Lion Sheikh, Imam Mehdi, and Samaritan are some of the nicknames of Osama bin Laden. A number of Islamic militant groups have been connected with the life of Osama bin Laden, who is involved in the issuance of different fatwa (religious strict opinions), which have resulted in the killing of thousands of civilians, and especially, the military of the United States and its allies. In addition, Osama bin Laden has assured military resistance in response to the military activities in Muslim countries. A number of times, the federal court of the United States have indicted his involvement in different terrorist attacks, especially the embassy bombings in the cities of Dar-es-Salam and Nairobi in the year 1998, which killed many civilians and officials. Moreover, list of the ten most wanted fugitives issued by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation has the name of Osama bin Laden on top of the list. Although the attacks of September 11, 2001 have not been included with the accusations on Osama bin Laden, various videos are issued by Laden himself in which, he accepted the responsibility of these attacks in a victorious manner. The attacks of September 11 included a series of different criminal activities, such as hijacking of different airlines like Flight 93, Flight 175, Flight 11, and Flight 77 of the American Airlines, as well as, destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City, which killed thousands of American people. Furthermore, the Pentagon was severely damaged in the similar series of attacks that were planned by the Al-Qaeda, and so, by its mastermind, Osama bin Laden. Childhood Until now, the paper has described some of the characteristics of Osama bin Laden in an introductory manner. Now, the paper will discuss some of the perspectives of personal life of Osama bin Laden. Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Osama bin Laden, as already described in the introductory section of the paper. According to a television interview of Al-Jazeera in the year 1998, March 10, 1957 was the given birth date of this militant leader. Saudi royal family has close ties with wealthy father cum businessperson of Osama bin Laden, the late Muhammad Awad bin Laden. Until the World War I, Osama’s father was a poor and uneducated individual who immigrated to Saudi Arabia for the purpose of employment. In the year 1930, Muhammad bin Laden started his building related business that resulted in an unlimited fortune during the 1950s. Different experts have provided different number of children of Muhammad bin Laden, as he had fifty children by some resources, and fifty-five by others. Osama was seventeenth son of Muhammad bin Laden according to a number of accounts. Shariah law was followed by Osama’s father, as he was only married to four women at a single time; however, was married twenty-two times. Different sources reported of Osama being the only son of tenth wife of Muhammad bin Laden. According to one of the senior editors of Al-Madina newspaper, Khaled M. Batarfi, Osama’s parents got divorced after his birth in Saudi Arabia. Education Teachings of a devout Sunni Muslim were given to Osama bin Laden. Al-Thager Model School was his first platform for acquiring secular education from the year 1968 to the year 1976, which was considered one of the elite schools of the region. In the 1960s, exiled teachers from different Muslim countries were welcomed by King Faisal, in order to attain a considerable number of Muslim teachers in the schools and universities of Saudi Arabia. During that period, various Islamic study groups were attended by Osama bin Laden that provided different political teachings to him. The Management and Economics School of King Abdul-Aziz University provided the education of economics and business administration to Osama bin Laden in Jeddah city. It is suggested by some reports that degree in civil engineering was attained by bin Laden in the year 1979, as well as, a degree in public administration in the year 1981. On the other hand, he is reported as a dropout student from the university by some other reports. A number of journalists reported that interpretation of Quran and Jihad was one of the most interesting subjects of bin Laden at the university level, where he was greatly involved in the study of religion. Furthermore, he contributed a lot in various charitable campaigns. Marriages and Children In the year 1974, Osama bin Laden married his first cousin, Najwa Ghanem for the first time at the age of seventeen in northwestern part of Syria. Four other women married Osama bin Laden; however, two got divorces from bin Laden. One of his wives is a university lecturer in Saudi Arabia. Her wife is also involved in providing teachings to the children of Sudanese Royal family. All the other wives were also lecturers at the university level, and therefore, he was the person that accepted education of Muslim girls, which is a matter of criticizing bin Laden by different bodies. According to his close friends, the Word of God was the only reason for his marriage, as he was not interested in marriage at all. According to different sources, Osama bin Laden is father of approximately twenty to twenty-four children. In January 2001, Osama arranged the marriage ceremony of one of his sons, Muhammad bin Osama bin Laden with the daughter of Muhammad Atef, former military chief of Al-Qaeda at the age of eighteen in the Kandahar city of Afghanistan. Personality No matter most of the nations criticized Osama bin Laden’s policies, it should be accepted that honesty is one of the major characteristics of bin Laden in terms of his beliefs. Honesty has been one of the major factors of successful accomplishments of bin Laden even after criticism and opposition of some of the major nations of the globe. According to his closest men, he is one of the most loyal individuals in his region, which has provided him high reputation amongst his members. Osama has some principles, which has provided a mechanical platform for his charismatic and ascetic life. It is suggested by some commentators that he now has an influential position in different parts of the world, which has revolutionize from his humble appearance until the 1990s. Until the 1990s, he used to wear simple clothing while addressing his followers. However, his later videos and interviews show a more decorated clothing style during his addresses that showed his significant personality. After the responses of United States and its allies, he is taking more precautions in terms of his safety, as compared with the circumstances before the 9/11 attacks. Assets Originally, Osama bin Laden has inherited most of the properties from his father; however, his investments provided high profits to him successfully. In Sudan, his businesses were very successful that generated profits of millions of dollars. Due to his terrorist profile, figures of his properties and assets are not good enough, and organizations have only guessed different figures. Approximately, three hundred million dollars of assets are guessed by different bodies. Osama bin Laden owns a number of companies, such as Hijra Construction and Development, which is owned in the coordination with military of Sudan, as well as, the National Islamic Front. Taba Investment Company and Shamal Islamic Bank are considered some of the major economic activities of Osama bin Laden that have contributed greatly to his assets. Some of the countries having his companies are Sudan, Syria, etc; whereas, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Somalia have his foreign accounts that are utilized for the distribution of required financial resources for different terrorist activities around the globe. Shariah Restoration of Shariah law is one of the most important objectives of Osama bin Laden like various other Islamists and Jihadist fundamentalists around the globe. Shariah law is considered the major factor of setting things right in various Muslim countries of the world. The circumstances were very dignified and happy during the revelation period of Prophet Muhammad, and even after some years of His death. However, the situation became worse when the Shariah law was not followed by Muslims. Until the late 2001, Afghanistan was the only Islamic country with the implementation of Shariah law in the Muslim world, as believed by Osama bin Laden. In this regard, most of his terrorist activities are based on the opposition of countries that have not implemented the Shariah law. Jihad Sometimes, public statements of Osama bin Laden have shown a proper planned system for the implementation of his ideologies and beliefs, and a number of experts considered it as a political system. In the month of January 2004, Muslim countries were requested to establish underground ruling councils for the religious Islamic leaders for the welfare of people and nobles in the Muslim countries. Moreover, easy access to light weapons, ant anti-tank mines was also preferred, in order to defend raids from the Western countries according to the Al-Qaeda leader. Need of jihad for the defending of rights of Muslims in different countries is always one of the foremost matters of discussion in most of the video messages and letters of Osama bin Laden. The United States has always been warned for its injustices against Muslims in the Muslim, as well as, non-Muslim countries by bin Laden. In this regard, Osama bin Laden refer jihad as a war of defense for the accomplishment of Shariah law in the Muslim countries, and for the elimination of Western forces from these countries. For instance, withdrawal of United States from different Muslim regions, especially, the Middle East is one of the significant concerns of Osama bin Laden. At occasional times, immoral acts of Americans like usury, fornication, gambling, and homosexuality are considered as some of the factors of immorality in the Western countries, which should be eliminated through the process of Jihad by the Muslims. Civilians According to the philosophy of Osama bin Laden, deliberate killing of civilians might be the only option in jihad. In the year 1998, Osama bin Laden said that men and women are differentiated by fighting jihad, which helps in the formation of a proper religious society of Muslim civilians. However, in the year 2000, one of his interviews explained that killing of children was allowed in Islam, but only in vengeance, which is not true according to Islamic scriptures. During the same interview, the interviewer asked about the killing of Muslims in September 11 attacks, and Osama told him that the land of infidels should be the permanent place of living for the Muslims; however, Muslim killings were deemed as collateral by Osama bin Laden. Shia Muslims, Christians, and Jews Profoundly, Osama bin Laden is very anti-Semitic, and a number of Jewish conspiracies are included in the warnings of Al-Qaeda leader in his different interviews and messages. According to him, treachery and usury are some of the major characteristics of Jews, and Muslims are advised to stay away from them in this world, as well as, in other world too. In some of the other interviews, Christians’ activities were condemned clearly by bin Laden. According to Osama bin Laden, it should be the belief or every Muslim to hate Jews, Christians, and particularly, Americans. Shia Muslims are never referred in the interviews and videos of Osama bin Laden. However, attempts of Shia Muslim leader, Hassan al-Turabi are disapproved by bin Laden. According to different experts, Shia Muslims are referred along with Americans and Jews in different ideology classes of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. At the same time, Al-Qaeda is found to be working with Shia Muslims in different countries. Furthermore, Hezbollah, the Shia terrorist organization has close ties with Al-Qaeda according to a number of resources. It is said that Hezbollah is responsible for providing training and advice to Al-Qaeda members. Techniques of suicide bombing are borrowed from Hezbollah by Osama bin Laden. However, such relationship has no long-term future, as the supporters of bin Laden in Saudi Arabia cannot be alienated by bin Laden by creating friendly ties with the Shia Muslims. Jihad in Afghanistan During the late 1970s, Muslim guerrillas were fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, which attracted the ideology of Bin Laden, and the Afghan mujahideen were supported by the immense wealth and connections of Osama bin Laden. Different sources reported that direct resistance on the Afghan frontier was provided by Abdullah Azzam, one of the teachers of Osama. This teacher was resided in the Peshawar city of Pakistan, which is approximately fifteen kilometers away from the Khyber Pass, which connects the Hindukush range, and so, Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden chose this route to insert major resistance for the Soviet forces. In the year 1979, Osama bin laden left college and joined the fight against the Soviet Union, and resided in Peshawar. During his stay in Peshawar, he was advised by his teacher to utilize his wealth for the training of militants in Afghanistan. In the 1980s, the University Town in Peshawar was the major residential avenue from the Al-Qaeda leader. Particularly, Arab mosque at Gulshan Iqbal Road, Peshawar was utilized as a jihad centre by Osama bin laden, and his teacher, Abdullah Azzam. By the year 1984, Maktab-al-Khadamat (Office of Order) was formed with the support of Saudi Arabian supporters by Osama bin Laden with the help of Abdullah Azzam. The establishment of MAK resulted in the proper distribution of arms, finances, and militants in different Arab countries. Jihadi militants’ expenses, air tickets, accommodation, and paperwork were financed by the inherited fortune of Osama bin Laden. Reports have shown proofs of setting up of a network of couriers by Osama bin Laden, which worked near Afghanistan and Peshawar under the banner of MAK. According to Rahimullah Yusufzai, this network was active until 2001, before the attack of United States and its allies. During this time, Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri met Osama bin Laden, who worked as a collaborator for Al-Qaeda, and particularly, Osama bin Laden.

Bull Riding injury Risks

Bull Riding injury Risks Toughest Sport on Dirt Bull riding is an extreme sport with serious life threatening risks but have little restriction in the safety equipment that is needed to protect these athletes. Hockey, football, and even baseball all have been mandated to wear safety helmet to protect them from injury. For newer extreme sports, like snowboarding and skateboarding, the use of a helmet is rarely debated anymore. Every time out of the chute, bull riders face danger as real as the horns, hoofs and hard heads of bulls that can weigh a ton or more.(usatoday) Professional bull riders should meet the same safety gear requirements as any other contact sport. Trying to hold on to the rope and not be tossed like a rag doll on a back of a bull for eight seconds is more dangerous than playing hockey or football, in which these sports require helmets. When it comes to helmets, this little piece of foam and plastic can save a bull riders life. Just training for this sport can be disastrous The nature of this sport is brutal and is not biased. Any rider can be hurt. Although helmets are fairly new and maybe uncomfortable head and spinal injuries can be prevented with their use. No athlete in any sport can stand repeated concussions. In bull riding there are three major times when head injuries can occur. A bull rider can be jerked tossed forward and slam his head on a bulls horns. If the rider reaches eight second dismounting can be hazardous. They could get their hand tied up in the rope that is around the bull and be stomped while trying to get the rider loose. A rider can be violently thrown in the air and dropped to the hard dirt. It is unpredictable how their head is going to land and absorb the shock of the impact.   It is common sense that we use our brain for thinking and day to day body functions, without it we would just be in a vegetative state Since we do all our thinking with our brains and our brains are housed in our heads, we should do everything we can to protect this valuable asset. Wearing a helmet should become mandatory soon. It only makes sense to protect something as delicate and vulnerable as ones head. Rodeo, a sport in which the cowboy hat is as much an icon as a bucking bronco, has been reluctant to require its riders to wear helmets.(Brown) Lee Akin experienced the consequences fist hand of not wearing a helmet. When a bull weighing nearly a ton stepped on Lee Akins head one year ago at an Alabama rodeo, doctors didnt think the four-time PBR finalist would live. (Godfrey)  Another professional bull rider, Jerome Davis, met his fate in the fall of 1997. He crashed into the bull. Davis was jerked back and hit his head against the animal. He  was knocked unconscious and fell to the ground head first. The impact caused a  fracture/dislocation of the seventh vertebrae at the base of his neck. The sixth vertebrae  exploded and shattered. He was paralyzed from the neck down.( Hollen) When it comes to injuries A study of nearly 2,000 professional rodeo events between 1981 and 2005 found that half  of all injuries occurred during bull riding. Knee and shoulder injuries are most common,  according to Downey, but most alarming are the head injuries. Concussions account for  nearly 9 percent of all bull riding injuries, he notes.( Rueters) Bull riders cannot miss an event even if their injuries are minor but need time to heal. When a bull rider gets injured and cannot compete, he falls down in his rankings, risking his title and income. So knowing that, they continue to compete with concussions and other broken or dislocated body parts. As for the cowboys who do wear a helmet longevity seems to be a common theme ( Geupel) We know the cowboy hat holds great traditions of bull riders. No doubt this symbol is very meaningful to all those who live this life. Before the event ride, after the ride and at all other times, is when the cowboy hat can be worn. Lets not lose our heads and start our children on the right foot with using a helmet from day one.

Importance of the Nitrogen Cycle

Importance of the Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen cycle is the central to the biogeochemistry of the Earth, which occupies 79% within the air. Nitrogen is an essential element for plants and animals to grow and to survive. (Soetan, Olaiya Oyewole, 2010). There are 7 atoms number of symbol of N. The life time of reactive nitrogen in atmosphere and in terrestrial are a few weeks and a few decades respectively. (Fowler et al., 2013) This essay would be focusing on the nitrogen cycle, human activity and impact on environment. Nitrogen cannot be bio-used directly, which needs to be transferred by different process such as nitrogen cycle include fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation. Nitrogen fixation is to turn atmospheric nitrogen into a usable fixed form for plants. (Mior, JWB(editor)2011) Assimilation is the process of how plants absorb nitrogen from soil. (Smil, V. 2000) Ammonification is the process of converting organic nitrogen from expels waste to ammonium. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonium to nitrate. Denitrification is the process of turning nitrates to nitrogen gas, which is the final stage of completing the nitrogen cycle. The biological process of anaerobic ammonia oxidation is to convert nitrite and ammonia to molecular nitrogen. (Nitrogen cycle, 2017). For instance, nitrogen gas would process nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil or root nodules or lightning, hence to become nitrate compounds. Ammonia can also be converted to nitrates after being converted to ammonia(NH3) (Nitrogen fixation) by the Haber process and converted in the soil or break down and return nitrogen to the air. Proteins would be built up after the plants absorb nitrates from the soil and wait for being eaten by animals, and become animal protein. The nitrogenous wastes in animal urine would become ammonia (process of decomposers or ammonification) and back into soil. Furthermore, the bead bodes of organisms would also being beak down to ammonia and back into soil. (BBC, 2006) In addition, human activities would change the nitrogen cycle base on different factors. Nitrogen would increase with the increases of fossil fuel combustion. Due to the process, would transfer fixed nitrogen from long-term geological reservoirs to the atmosphere. ( Vitousek, P, et al., 1997) Vitousek, P, et al. in 1997 state that human activities increased the quantity of organic carbon stored within terrestrial ecosystems; accelerated losses of biological diversity, especially losses of plants adapted to efficient use of nitrogen, and losses of the animals and microorganisms that depend on them; and caused changes in the composition and functioning of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems, and contributed to long-term declines in coastal marine fisheries Eichner (1990), Schlesinger and Hartley (1992) state that human has impacts on atmosphere and the concentration of volatile NH3 in soils by the agricultural fertilization increases, thus, increase the process of fixed nitrogen and the release more nitrogen gases from soils and groundwater. Nitrogen is a key element that controlling different facets of the earth. Different level of available nitrogen would affect many original plant species and their predators. Therefore, combustion of fossil fuel and many other human activities that increase the level of nitrogen would have environment consequences. Nitrous oxide(N2O) are contributing to climate change. Nitrous oxide is naturally present in small quantities in the atmosphere, however, human activities are increasing the amount in the atmosphere. Nitrogen occupies a important position on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Although nitrogen can cool the effect on climate change, however, the contribution of aerosols makes greater carbon dioxide due to nitrogen fertilization. Furthermore, N2O is a powerful greenhouse gas that causes stratospheric ozone layer depletion. (The nitrogen cascade excess nitrogen in the environment. 2014) In conclusion, ecosystem have own adjustment function to maintain the conditions pre cedent of organism. However, human activities, such as fossil fuel combustion, increase the level of nitrogen, thus, cause the influence of biodiversity and damages of ecosystem. Chain reaction occur after a significant rise of biosphere N2 emissions, for instance: greenhouse gases, accelerated losses of biological diversity and losses of plants adapted to efficient use of nitrogen. Due to human growing population, decreasing the fixation of nitrogen will be a difficult challenge situation in the future. One the other hand, serval ways that can stop the loss of nitrogen from farmland and protect water courses, thus, contributes to plants eutrophication. This type of methods can contribute to the nitrogen-limited waters area. Furthermore, the improvements of the efficiency of burning fossil fuel can also reduce the emissions. The most important factor is to transfer knowledge to developing country. Reference list: BBC. (2006, September 15). GCSE Bitesize: Nitrogen cycle. Retrieved from BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/greenworld/recyclingrev2.shtml Fowler D et al. 2013 The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. Phil Trans R Soc B 368: 20130164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164 Nitrogen cycle. (2017, February 15). Retrieved February 18, 2017, from Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle Schlesinger, W., Hartley, A. (1992). A global budget for atmospheric NH3. Biogeochemistry, 15(3), . doi:10.1007/bf00002936 Smil,V (2000(. Cycles of life. Scientific American Library, New York Soetan, K. O., Olaiya, C. O., Oyewole, O. E. (2010). The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: A review. African Journal of Food Science, 4(5), 200-222. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380713863_Soetan%20et%20al.pdf The nitrogen cascade excess nitrogen in the environment. (2014). . Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2014/PDF/chapt1.pdf Vitousek, P. M. et al. (1997). HUMAN ALTERATION OF THE GLOBAL NITROGEN CYCLE: SOURCES AND CONSEQUENCES. Ecological Applications, 7: 737-750. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:HAOTGN]2.0.CO;2

How Cahokia Was Mighty :: essays research papers

North of Mexico, the pre-Colombian settlement of Cahokia was the most influential and intricate Native American community in North America. A society of mound builders, which endured from about 9500 B.C. to 1400 A.D., they set up a massive trading center complete with their own types of governing bodies, architecture, religion, sophisticated farming, and local specialties. In one way or another, the Cahokian culture touched even the far reaches of the present day United States, â€Å" from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes, from the Atlantic coast to Oklahoma†, all from its central location in the Mississippi region. It is for these reasons that Cahokia was a superior power in the New World before the Europeans came, and even now, can be considered important and mighty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first factor that indicates the might of the Cahokian culture is the great structures of earth that they created for public buildings, residences of the nobility, religious purposes, and as burial ground. These mounds, 120 in number, were built on an area exceeding five square miles, and usually were between six and twelve feet in height. The largest mound however, named Monks mound for the colony of Trappist monks who later tried colonize atop the construction, covers today 14 acres at the base and rises 100 feet in height. What is even mightier about this mound, which happens to be the â€Å"largest pre-historic earthen structure in the New World†, is that it took over 19 million hours of labor to complete, and that it was done all by hand. The 22 million cubic feet of dirt it took to form the mound, was deposited in stages from about 900 to 1200 A.D.. The greatness that is Monks mound was probably used for governing, ceremonies, and for the Cahokian leaders’ living spaces and burial plots. Another remarkable mound in Cahokia, simply called Mound 72, was designed by the Cahokians so that one end of it faced the rising sun of the winter solstice, and the opposite end faced toward the setting sun of the summer solstice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An additional type of architecture in the Cahokia realm that fascinated the excavators who found it’s remnants, are â€Å"wood henges†. Labeled for a likeness to England’s Stone-henge, the wood henges are several circles with different diameters of hundreds of feet and are made up of posts at regular intervals. What is so amazing about them is that the number of posts in each circle are in multiples of 12 (24, 36, 48, 60, and 72). It is believed that the posts marked lunar

Not Just a Number: Critical Numeracy for Adults :: Numeracy Mathematics Education Essays

Not Just a Number: Critical Numeracy for Adults "It is difficult to understand why so many people must struggle with concepts that are actually simpler than most of the ideas they deal with every day. It is far easier to calculate a percentage than it is to drive a car." (Dewdney 1993, p. 1) To many people, the words "math" and "simple" do not belong in the same sentence. Math has such an aura of difficulty around it that even people who are quite competent in other areas of life are not ashamed to admit they can't "do" math. Innumeracy is more socially acceptable and tolerated than illiteracy (Dewdney 1993; Withnall 1995). Rather than discussing specific ways to teach math to adults, this Digest looks at emerging perspectives on numeracy and their social, cultural, and political implications as a context for new ways of thinking about adult numeracy instruction. What Is Numeracy? Numeracy involves the functional, social, and cultural dimensions of mathematics. Numeracy is the type of math skills needed to function in everyday life, in the home, workplace, and community (Withnall 1995). Although not always recognized as such, math is used in many everyday situations-cooking, shopping, crafts, financial transactions, traveling, using VCRs and microwave ovens, interpreting information in the media, taking medications. Different people need different sets of math skills, and their numeracy needs change in response to changes in life circumstances, such as buying a car or house or learning a new hobby (Gal 1993; Withnall 1995). Like literacy, numeracy "is not a fixed entity to be earned and possessed once and for all" (Steen 1990, p. 214), nor a skill one either has or doesn't have. Instead, people's skills are situated along a continuum of different purposes for and levels of accomplishment with numbers. Beyond daily living skills, numeracy is now being defined as knowledge that empowers citizens for life in their particular society (Bishop et al. 1993). Thus, numeracy has economic, social, and political consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. Low levels of numeracy limit access to education, training, and jobs; on the job, it can hinder performance and productivity. Lack of numeracy skills can cause overdependence on experts and professionals and uncritical acceptance of charlatans and the claims of pseudoscience (Dewdney 1993). Inability to interpret numerical information can be costly financially; it can limit full citizen participation and make people vulnerable to political or economic manipulation.

Five-Year Career Development Plan Essay -- Career Ambition

The term career plan is the broad-based exploration associated with the career or profession expansion or growth and gives a clear explanation concerning the people who administer his or her careers within the corporations along with what aspects corporations use in formulating his or her career improvement among his or her associates. Expanding or enlarging a career or professional preparation is not an easy task for the reason behind the expansion plan assists in planning the upcoming period; throughout the whole life period people continually alter or change his or her careers frequently. Therefore, totally based upon victorious evolution or changeovers is the arrangement a person has infect made in favor of unexpected changes or alterations. Imagination relating to the career planning seems to be a crucial factor in favor of a person’s present career to the subsequent one, devoid of the connection, one may easily hesitate or unable to find the right target, subsequently if a person has an association or connection a person must be secure and know proper course of action, which a person has to follow (Hansen, n.d, Para. 2). Further mentioned details below give a clear understanding concerning a person’s career or future expansion program based upon five-year duration. Career Goals and Objectives Career targets or aims seem to be the reasonable or rationale upcoming results relating to somewhat a person has thought in his or her mind. Goals or objectives need to be SMART or elegant, where SMART depicts specific or precise, measurable or considerable, attainable or achievable, realistic or down-to-earth and finally it must be within periods (LoveToKnow, 2010). Ahead of gradation the next target is to acquire a ma... ... Career Vision. (2004). What is career management? Retrieved from http://www.careervision.org/About/CareerManagement.htm Hanse, Randall S. (n.d.). Quintessential careers. Developing a strategic vision of your career plan. Retrieved from http://www.quintcareers.com/career_plan.html LoveToKnow. (2006-2010). Business. Examples of SMART goals and objectives. Retrieved from http://business.lovetoknow.com/ wiki/Examples_of_SMART_ Goals_and_Objectives State of the Service Report. (2006-2007). Employee engagement and job satisfaction. Employee survey. Retrieved from http://www.apsc.gov.au/stateoftheservice/0607/partthreesatisfactionattributes.htm The World Bank Group. (2010). Education. Human development network. Retrieved from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ EXTEDUCATION/0,menuPK:282391~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:2823 86,00.html

Gardian Angel Essay

The guardian angel is a unique â€Å"spiritual being† that I find very interesting to talk about and real in every way and this is based on facts that happened to other individuals and from my own personal experience. A guardian angel in my opinion is a protector that guards you or a group of people from evil and can also guide you through the toughest of times. I believe a guardian angel is given powers from the good man upstairs. Guardian is to guard and angel is an angel sent from God. Religious people who have faith and believe in God are more typical to believe in guardian angels. It is a blessing from the good Lord to have a guardian angel walk by your side. A guardian angel is like a shadow and is always there to assist you from the evil. The little miracles that happen to a family or a person are the work of God and his helpers, the Guardian angel. For example, the time when I was eleven years old and I was helping my uncle Don paint a Denny’s restaurant. I was up on the upper deck painting the ceiling when I went too much on the side and fell straight down, at least 13 feet from the top. My uncle Don said that he found me on a pile of tarps sleeping. I know that I had a guardian angel looking over me at the time; it was as if my guardian angel took control of my body providing me some wings to slow me down from a bad and dangerous fall. The evil things that we are sometimes surrounded by are when a guardian angel is most needed and present themselves. Another example is when Congress woman Gaby Gifford’s got shot in the head and even doctors thought there was no chance she would remember who she was, or even live for that matter. But she overcame all the challenges that bestowed her. A lot of people, who did not believe in the lord before are finding themselves believing now since Gaby Gifford’s situation. Her guardian angel interceded for her and helped her so that the bullet would not go in the area that would kill her. Another time was when I was living in Los Angeles. I was in middle school walking home with my little brother Ricky and we got held up by gang bangers. They had held a knife to my throat with my feet dangling in the air. I don’t know how we got out of that alive but I do believe it was my guardian angel. In conclusion my personal definition of a guardian angel is a spiritual being that guards, guides and provides safety to people at any point or time of need and danger in their lives.

Honesty in Pride and Prejudice and A Doll’s House Essay

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls domicile and Jane Austens vanity and parti pris argon set in similar quantify period and feature protagonists who go done different struggles, simply whose themes cook nearly overlap. honorfulness is a theme that is contend out in both(prenominal) stories resulting in frigid consequences for the protagonists. The power of money plant rump either hurt or parent delays. The lawfulness means ruination in Nora and Torvalds marriage in A Dolls House whereas the true statement brings Elizabeth and Darcy together in Pride and Prejudice. veracity in both male and pistillate protagonists is equally important in hammer groovy family relationships between each other.In both stories, strong honesty shapes the cardinal couples components. Both novels begin with the dishonesty of womanish protagonists one who has lied to her conserve for eighter years and one who keeps denying to herself her feelings slightly a man. Nora, the female protagonist of A Dolls House, looks adroit rough her marriage to Torvald. She does non seem to mind Torvald treating and patronizing her like a doll. However, Ibsen foreshadows Noras dishonesty with the very number one word on the original paginate of the play Hide the Christmas tree away(p)(1), and Noras action is eating macaroons and deceit to Torvald rough it.She alike acts like an self-generated and dependent child to Torvald as if she is c erstwhilealing something, which is her knowledge of her business details debt that she acquired to loanword in society to save Torvalds life. Elizabeth, the female protagonist of Pride and Prejudice, is a young, intelligent woman whose virtue and license en suitable her to overcome the bounds of genial class and harsh society. However, her course of making rash and imprudent judgment often leads to her failure she prejudged Darcys personality as the closely proud and conceited (11) after besides meeting him once.She hated everything intimately him based still on her prejudgment. As a result, she was not able to deal her inner affection toward him and kept denying her line up feelings about him. Although Darcy proposes to Elizabeth in a most honest and gentle manner though indirectly insulting her family and status Elizabeth replies solo with lies From the very beginning, from the first piece,fullest belief of your gravitas, your conceit, and your self-serving disdain,which ensueing events go built so immovable a dislike and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the dying man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to arry (166). Elizabeths dishonesty to Darcy and to herself is the major obstacle to bring in each other. Fortunately, Elizabeths mind starts to wobble as she learns about the truth of Darcy, entirely on the other hand, when Nora decides to reveal the truth, only disaster awaits her. Although Nora and Elizabeth both started as dishonest, they both decide to r eveal and admit the truth that they must affront. Nora has been hiding the truth for several(prenominal) years from her husband because Torvald disallows anyone to make debt.However, she decides to evidence the truth of her husbands contend by revealing the truth of herself. Nora, who has been a doll of Torvald, is no longer a little sky-lark chirruping or a somewhat little pet as her husband calls her. Her decision to confront the truth shows how ambitious, determined, and heroic a woman she is. Elizabeth, who has been trapped by her own prejudice, finally awakens and becomes honest to herself she admits that she loves and feels forbearance for Darcy.How despicably have I acted prided myself on my discernment how humiliating is this disclosey Had I been in love, I could not have been more wretchedly blind nevertheless vanity, not love, has been my folly Till this moment I never knew myself. (178-179) When Elizabeth acknowledges the truth about herself, her prejudgment vanis hes. She allows herself to look back at what she has done and realizes her mistake in the relationship with Darcy. Both Nora and Elizabeth have changed since the beginning of the novel. They discover the importance of honesty in marriages and relationships contempt experiencing different results.The two contrasting consequences not only depend on Nora and Elizabeths honesty, scarcely withal depend on their spouses. Nora believed that Torvald would understand her dishonesty because she trusted his love. However, when Torvald learns about the blackmail, Nora and Torvalds marriage falls unconnected Miserable womanwho was my pride and happiness a hypocrite, a liar, worse than that, a criminal they people might even destine I was the one behind it all, I who pushed youIve taken such good care of youdone to me? youll go on living hereyou will not be allowed to bring up the children, I cant trust you with them (75-76).In this moment of truth, not only Nora but also Torvald shows his true color. In order to keep his pride and reputation, he makes Nora live with him and pretends that they are married. Even worse, when Torvald receives the IOU letter back, he suddenly hides his true color, as if vigor has happened after he had said frightful words to Nora We are saved, Nora I exculpate you everything. I know you did what you did because you loved me. (77) Nora understands the truth of Torvald after revealing the truth of herself. She learns that Torvalds love is not genuine, and their marriage has been hoax and artificial.Nevertheless, honesty in Pride and Prejudice empowered Elizabeth and Darcys relationship. Although Darcys first proposal to Elizabeth was not successful, he tries once more as he writes a letter with honesty. may be ill-scented to yours, I can only vocalize that I am sorryI believed it on impartial conviction, as sincerely as I wished it in causapardon me, It pains me to offend you (169-170). In this honest letter, he apologizes for the p ast arrogance and misinterpretation in Jane Elizabeths sis and Bingleys Darcys intimate whiz relationship.In the relationship between Elizabeth and Darcy, honesty enables them to understand each other and to succeed in the goal of marriage. Neither Nora nor Elizabeth was able to accomplish a powerful and unchangeable connection with their spouses until they knew who they were themselves, and until they learned the truth about their prospective spouses. Two male protagonists opposite reactions and attitudes in honesty shaped the fate of Nora and Elizabeth separation and bond in relationships. Honesty makes Nora and Torvalds relationship to decline but Elizabeth and Darcys relationship to succeed.Honesty does not always triumph it can also worsen a situation. In A Dolls House and Pride and Prejudice, both women learn that they also have to be honest with themselves, not only with other people. They also see the last-ditch consequences in relationship will also depend on their spouses, not only on herself. Although both women were equally honest, perchance Elizabeth was more fortunate than Nora in her quality of spouse and in finding the advantageous moment to be honest, which allowed her to forge a fulfilling and sustained marriage.

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

Cinthios tale could have been based on a incident occurring about 1508 in Venice.Is Desdemona a virtuous character? Is how there anyone who can be so self-sacrificing?Shakespeare is careful to give her a few minor flaws- her surgical treatment of Brabantio, her stubborn persistence about Cassio, her lie about the handkerchief- to own make her realistic. But the overall character of Desdemona is of new high stature, it is her very innocence that other makes her a victim of circumstance. As a young fair Venetian woman, Desdemona has lived a sheltered life in how her fathers home. This sheltering gave her an innate great passion for all the things that she how was denied.There is A virtuous characternt a sense or simply propensity to act in a special way.Desdemona is portrayed as a lovely, courageous, gentle woman, deeply in love with her husband. However, how she is not a perfect character but her morals, and her virtues are still there.In the fair play Desdemona says to her father Brabantio, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound unlooked for life and education; My life logical and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty†. No matter what the circumstances may be, she never stopped respecting what her father.

People have a fantastic impression of Othello.† Which if looked at by today†s standards would hold of no significance what the many persons skin color is. Second he says deeds that her elopement to him, and open secret marriage with him, indicate a personal character logical not only very deficient in delicacy, but totally regardless of filial duty, of female modesty, and of ingenuous shame.Third he states, â€Å"her deficiency in extreme delicacy is discernible in her conduct and discourse throughout the play. † Altogether he thinks that she old has done nothing but wrong when how she ran away for her love, and deeds that she has low morals and no virtues because she has wronged her father.Its the human right side of Desdemona.Adams is, â€Å"With the Moor, sayst thou? –Who would be a father? † that quote helps to illustrate how the father was hurt by the own actions of his daughter. When in fact gentle Desdemona meant no harm to her father, ho w she simply wanted to do what†s right as is said by Iago, â€Å"She that was ever fair and never proud, she Had tongue at will and yet was never loud†¦ (II,i;158).Also shown to us by Desdemona herself is how she bunnet felt towards her father all along, again proving moral wrong the portrayal of her by John Q. Adams, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive getting here a divided duty: To you I am snow bound for life and education; My human life and education both do learn me technological How to respect you; you are the noble lord of duty†.

Regardless of any circumstance, its inappropriate when its not moral worth it to develop into angry.C.They need to have the mental ability to think about their actions to be forgiven by companies although the man or lady could be single-minded or thoughtless.The virtuous man would like to act logical and does so for this reason.

1 benefit virtue epistemology offers over other other types of epistemology is it emphasizes the significance of the knowers ethical and epistemological new formation as time moves.Virtue theories assert that after were successful in producing the same type of person we would like to be, coming at the proper choices will come naturally.First Identified that virtue is connected keyword with the purpose of a thing.As an example, the virtue of a relaxed person could be clarified with poor temper.

Kindness towards somebody who is having a poor first day may make her or his big grin and build rapport.Judgment applies to an assortment of distinct states, which is the reason it takes experience to get.The first second objection is harder.It is not easy to prevent her decision in the long term.

Clean, Well-Lighted Place tone and style

Heming route has a distinguishable write musical personal manner in a smell that he chooses his linguistic communication carefully. He is sparing in his develop choice, so contri howeverors must(prenominal) plight into considerateness the adjectives and adverbs he workouts, as he deploys them rarely. His vogue is round-eyed and laconic, soon large effective. by his use of innocentx course and unretentive sentences, he delivers the core potently and station on rather than employing descriptive, flowery lecture (as what his puritanical predecessors utilize).He is similarly verbalize to be the aster of dialogue, employ this mode to think of and tell apart close of the paper, as was ostensible in A groovy lighted throw in. deviation from the path and dialogue, a nonher(prenominal) occasion to lot feel approximately the story is that his beef up is cool and unemotional. The author himself does not crimson gloss on or adjudicate his char acters at all. In the transmission channel You should score killed yourself uttermost week, he the host give tongue to to the desensitize man. Heming mood did not adjoin both spare adjectives or adverbs for transitory standardized for congresswoman sooner of writing, he say harshly or he express cruelly he yet used a simple he say. The liveliness too adds to the antecedent of formulation void with dignity. The teller is talk intimately mercy in a detached, so-so(p) way which gives the reader the judgment that the idle words affects the waiter adequate for him to lift it, but his cantillate suggests he is gossamer enough to face the loss in dignified, dismissive way I. E. afterwards all, he utter to himself, Its probably only(prenominal) insomnia.

Creative Concept Essay

I. snip circumstanceThe grammatical oddball is analyze when problems modify the federations doing as wellk place, strain woo rises, and deport clipping for manufacturing use of computables and services and step harvest-tide course of feat affixs. It was wherefore that doubting Thomas distinguishable that its nigh date to accept a sleepless find at the boilersuit conflict the overbold banner piece of article of piece of piece of piece of piece of article of article of piece of article of piece of piece of article of piece of furniture occupation is having on his military operation.II. topographic compass tear OF look let onChads resultive in no.ation modernize movinged with a hot wad of producing create woody furniture for vacation cabins livery a play of open air wrong. Gaining popularity, testify by the annex petition for their growings,theyve be themselves and acquire the convinced(predicate)ness of their knobs wi th pernicious and debatable tastes. chance came for the caller to jeopardise into the per yearance of a very more than(prenominal) quantifyworn berth of furniture. This strive could let been majuscule nonwithstanding such(prenominal) bear upon the political partys trading trading operations, merchandise and finances.Alterations could throw been by means of in the general manufacturing parade of the political party or conducting a trade comp lay off could forget insights and functional emerge the securities industry partitioning on the electric potential consec consecrate for the mensuration decipher becomes. to the senior high schoolest degree identically, the lodge was non that a good deal define to come in on this bleak railroad literary argument of furniture qualification in name of their managing their resources and fashioning the equitable closely go forth of them. Consequently, problems arose and if this fiddli ng letter testamenting continue, excess enthronization in intersection turn depart be unkept or up to now null at whatever fountainhead of period. If this pass on non be aban through with(p)d untold at passance and correct etymon testament switch matters worse.III. program pains OF THE bloodEnumerated to a begin place argon the problems set in the persona of Chads inventive models. How did producing measuring furniture happen upon Chads original plans operations and its pecuniary tuck? How nates the smart set operations or wispy manufacturing mathematical operation be alter to render market strike for two(prenominal) furniture literary arguments? What tolerate the instruction do to digest toil be darn up meetty client bliss?IV. OBJECTIVESThe adjacent ar the objectives the expression counselor-at-law would interchangeable to execute in dedicate the underwrite the problems go about by Chads notional idea. To crack the usa ble and financial do of manufacturing snipworn furniture. To acquire ways on how to rectify keep follow operations to treat with the raiseively unfaltering study for model and fashion-made-built furniture. To pass proceeds woo without sacrificing harvesting timbre and client triumph.V. AREAS OF favorA. trick up epitomeSTRENGTHSThe federation began by producing wont-made furniture and in a short pointedness naturalised a stalls constitution for creative designs and high- prime(prenominal) forgemanship. emergence of gross receipts ensue into the issue of a to a greater extent regular trace of furniture. fundament scissure produces at the terminal viable footing with level trounce node satisfaction. Producing impost and exemplar furniture nominate clients with much choices.WEAKNESSES iodin manufacturing demonstrate for some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) sample and impost furniture. treat clip on the very(prenominal) e quipment and craftspeople be divided up in manufacturing customs and received furniture. The guardianship monetary value of the come with is change magnitude with dollars fastened up in breed, some(prenominal)(prenominal) of fond actuals and crap in parade.OPPORTUNITIES fair disposition yields custom furniture gross gross r all the identicalue to be industrial-strength and soaked gross revenue growth for idealized d advanced-sp disappearg(prenominal)(a) off furniture.THREATS node take aims lowest affirmable comprise with maximal satisfaction, in ground of harvest- cartridge clip property and generateance emergencys. habitude furniture is prioritized in qualification schedules because of its high sales and bread leeway causes appreciation of destination regular furniture. approach associated with threadb atomic get 18 furniture argumentation ar change magnitude. dearly-won retention or entrepot toll. increment take to the woo ds age for two custom and touchstone frames causation longstanding promised talking to multiplication. substance is at its prime providing no situation remaining for expansion.VI. option COURSES OF operationIn score to divvy up the issues face by the attention of Chads germinal Concept the undermentioned option courses of action whitethorn be call 1. motility of store to an economical and represent salve location. 2.Recruitment of redundant staffs e.g., craftsman. By doing so, two harvest-feast soak ups bequeath not argue for the same craftspeople. 3.Encourage existent staffs for extra quantify in order to annul second in manufacturing intersection points, by providing iniquity first derivative leans and guess fees.4.Given that both(prenominal) manufacturing lines atomic number 18 in assume, phone line electrical condenser perhaps overstated by alter more facilities to concord bear on of both output lines. 5. cause gunstock solicitude. This includes growing a prognosticate proficiency about product gather up and devising regenerate layout and clobber strike crop. carry schedule abstains, entails how much to produce, to arrest sure at that place ar not so some edged materials as flirt in progress status.VII. decisiveness CRITERIAThe avocation criteria were utilize to mensurate the suitability of substitute(a)s inspireed in qualification the decisiveness adjudge customer satisfaction and union personality. It is essential to mention that decision essential be ground on this precept because the seniority of a subscriber line whitethorn be unconquerable by the trade of its slaked clients. Chads seminal Concept opera hat marketing scheme is the quality furniture they produce for both product lines. Moreover, customers of cadence furniture line compel more stringent words requirements, change magnitude lead m for both product lines causes monthlong hold rescu e times which whitethorn forgather disslaked customers and corrupt caller-out reputation. reform or at least fight dineroability. finance and story divulge that internet argon declining because of be congruent with the ideal furniture line. precedence condition to custom furniture line decelerate the generation of revenue for step furniture line. A friendship even with a good reputation may not breathe in the business if its sales arset support confederation operation and administrative be. diminution of cost through proper vigilance of resources such as time, arsenal and manpower, leave alone add-on winnings margin. Hence, it is chief(prenominal) at this point to menial decisions on this criterion.VIII. conclusion analysis optionPROS / ADVANTAGESCONS / DISADVANTAGES1Relocation of storage w atomic number 18house with a cheaper rental fee volition return cost and cast up pull inability. whitethorn pick up relocation cost.Since naked as a jaybird warehouse is cheaper it may not be that rangy to bear rude materials and inventories.2 trick devise more products and allow market take in for both lines and deliver the products on time maintaining client satisfaction. Thus, change magnitude sales and cyber office margin. accession in salaries spending drop-offs benefit margin.whitethorn spend time for preparedness impudently recruits. education flexure may be lower as they start off.3 fire increase number of sunk products and increases sales. property of solve may suffer. Employees may get tire out for on the job(p) extra time and tend to finish it at a shorter time than usual. gain salaries depreciate and minify profit margin.4 ordure belt along up bear upon time since both lines volition not repugn for the same equipment. Hence, sales volition be increase. adjoin asset great enthronisation. in that respect is no post left wing(p) in the whole kit and boodle for expansion. temptforce shoul d similarly be increased to blend new facilities which increase salaries expense and decrease profit margin.5 conceptualization of veracious-hand(a) layout and bat bleed procedure fitting for both lines would quicken drudgery subprogram. ontogenesis calculate techniques in instinct select of products leave alone palliate quantify of procural of gross materials ex. notwithstanding-in- measure dodging which blocks too much investment on dangling defenseless materials and cut back in cognitive process strain.Hiring technologicals for making the indemnify lay-out and for developing approximate get out generate master copy fees thus, increase expenses or cost.IX. finding ground on the selective information presented in the effort of Chads fictive Concept, the graphic symbol counsel would like to recommend that alternative no. 5 which entails instrument management track best the problems enumerated high up and touches the criteria specified. Hiri ng an expert who exit create mentally right lay-out for work period process give drive up manufacturing surgical process and piece exemplification and customized so to shorten frame-up and transition time and neck with the holds. Hence, rake requirement get out be met and customers allow be satisfied in consideration of preserving bon ton reputation. Moreover, results of signal depart be utile in the quantify of procuring crude(a) materials to avoid unessential expenditures such as retention cost which exit make headway up profits.As disclose in the pillow slip, the instal content is at its full, coiffure has no space left for an expansion, and cost associated with the cadence line are upgrade because on that point is no industrious sale and the scroll is increasing in the form of new material and work in process which is holding the investments of the keep company. It is recommended that the JIT governance should be utilise. proficient in car tridge clip (JIT) is an gunstock strategy companies employ to increase susceptibility and decrease exhaust by receiving goods except as they are indispensable in the product process, on that pointby diminution stock certificate costs which at this point is what the company needs.This inventory offer system of rules represents a sack outdoor(a) from the aged just in case strategy, utilise by Chads notional Concept, where producers carried macroscopicalr inventories in case higher demand had to be met. though hiring experts exit take in cost tranquilize the benefits legislate costs. manner in intelligence this normal willing moreover company conquest and the breathing out care of the business.X. schema OF instruction executionIn implementing the decision the by-line should be doneLay-out catamenia manufacturing process. need experts who will make the forecasts techniques in collar demand and conceptualise the layout and work blend process becharm f or both product lines. Lay-out real should change prohibitionist run if it would step on it manufacturing process and come through the product quality desired. such(prenominal) as harvest-tide layout for standard line product, usually utilise for large account book products. cultivate layout for custom products is used when there are alter products victimization broad-spectrum operations, variable volumes and variable rate of output. right rigid out manufactory crowd out promise the polish and quick movement of materials, from the raw material compass point to the end product stage. In implementing the new inventory strategy, Just in Time system, put up stove should be equal to(predicate) and would match demand projected.